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HORACE  A.  SCOTT 
2208  N.  Ross  Street 
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PREFACE. 


HE  present  work  is  the  fruit 
of  a  necessity  m  geographical 
education,  that  has  been  very 
keenly  realized  by  the  Author 
during  several  years  of  expe- 
rience as.  a  public  teacher. 
In  the  study  of  this  material  science, 
she  has  found  it  peculiarly  diflScult,  even 
when  following  the  methods  of  the  best  class-books 
on  the  subject,  to  array  it  with  the  same  perspicuity  to 
the  mind  of  the  pupil,  that  may  be  imparted  to  more 
metaphysical*  studies.  That  other  teachers  have  con- 
tended with  the  same  undefined  obstacle,  may  be 
-gathered,  not  only  from  the  confessions  of  a  large  ma- 
jority of  them,  but  also  from  the  confused  and  very 
^i|eHU|»d  geographical  knowledge  in  the  mental  posses- 
ion «f  most  communities.  The  constant  recourse  to 
maps,  every  where  conveniently  suspended  for  refer- 
ence, bears  ocular  demonstration  to  the  dimness  and 
uncertainty  that  characterize  our  geographical  attain- 
ments. It  is  an  experience  too  universal  to  be  disputed, 
that  while  the  elements  of  some  of  the  more  abstruse 
sciences  remain  available  in^he  memory  often  through 
life,  those  of  geography  ai»  pecuharly  shadowy  and 
evanescent. 

It  was  in  the  conscientious^deavor  to  render  this 
mportant  branch  as  palpabj^o  the  understandings  of 
pupils  as  some  of  thfc  othe^ranches  of  their  education, 
that  the  Author  was  enaroled  to  trace  the  source  of  the 
difficulty  just  alluded  to,  to  those  defects  in  arrange- 
ment of  the  class-bo6ks  in  use  that  the  present  work 
-  designed  to  reme(^-    She  saw  that  it  was  the  pre- 
vt'T"  employment    of  unexplained  terms,   and  the 
urying  up  of  what,  at  present,  only  was  attainable,  by 
:   vhich  should  be  the  very  last  learned,  that  con- 
d  the  great  impediment  to  the  teacher  in  convey- 
to  ti»e  scholar  m  ucquiring,  geographical  know- 
Maps,  professe  Ily  intende<l  to  elucidate,  were 


rendered  rather  labtrinths  of  perplexity,  by  being 
covered'  with  circles,  lines,  and  various  names  and 
emblems,  mysterious  to  the  pupil,  irrelevant  to  his 
stage  of  progress,  and,  by  confusing  the  eye  in  its  search 
for  more  radical  matters,  the  source  of  much  vexatious 
waste  of  time.  In  a  word,  she  found  in  these  class- 
books  a  fatal  disregard  of  that  system  by  which  alone 
any  desired  result  can  be  surely  accomplished—a 
system  whose  '  rules  are  comprehended  in  the  five 
words,  "  one  thing  at  a  time.'''' 

From  the  foregoing  remarks'  the  reader  will  anti- 
cipate the  claims  of  the  present  work.  It  has  been  the 
aim  of  the  Author  so  to  arrange  the  elements,  and 
their  exponents  the  maps,  as  to  emancipate,  as  far  as 
possible,  this  interesting  science  from  that  dryned?  and 
confusion  that  have  hitherto  rendered  it  a  weariness  snd 
an  abstraction  to  all  classes  of  learners.  In  puis-unce 
of  this  design  it  has  been  found  expedient  to  issue 
the  work  in  parts :  the  present,  for  the  beginner,  oeiqg 
the  First  of  the  Series.  The  system  herein  ad  ;pted 
will  be  literally  retained  throughout  the  Scries ;  it 
having  been  proved  by  experinjent  the  best  medium 
for  evolvmg  in  their  natural  connection  the  succcssiTe 
proportions  of  the  science.  Through  its  operation,  f^- 
pupil  is  prepared  not  only  to  comprehend,  but  fire- 
quently  to  anticipate,  what  next  should  follow.  It  is 
in  this  manner  alone,  that  youthful  interest  en  >  be* 
engaged  in  any  compulsory  pursuit  of  kn 
The  unfolding  mind  craves  knowledge ;  but  i '  - 
that  for  which  it  has  a  conscious  necessity.  It  i- 
business  of  teaching  to  create  and  direct  this  neo,.- 
sity. 

In  obedience  to  this  natural  law,  the  maps  and 
illustrations  of  the  present  work  have  been  designed 
to  accord  strictly  with  the  character  of  the  lessons ;   j 
being,  so  to  speak,  a  gradually  accumulating,  visible 

DEPOSIT  IN  ANOTHER  FORM,    OF    THE    SUBJECT    OF    EACH 
SUCCESSIVE    LESSON — AND   NOTHING    MORE.*    foF   aS   Well 


Preface. 


might  one  attempt  to  make  an  accomplished  architect 
of  an  individual  by  merely  showing  him  the  city,  from 
time  to  time,  from  the  tower  of  Trinity  Church,  as  hope 
to  impart  a  clear  and  permanent  idea  of  the  rudiments 
of  Geography,  through  the  instrumentality  of  a  finished 
and  crowded  map,  however  accurately  drawn,  or  gor- 
geously colored,  said  map  may  be.  No  complication 
with,  or  allusion  to  Mathematical  Geography,  therefore, 
will  be  found  in  the  present  volume.  Commencing  at 
the  foundation  of  the  science,  its  endeavor  is  to  make 
the  pupil  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  local  and 
relativ*  positions  of  the  Grand  Divisions  of  the  Earthy 
extending  their  political  divisions  only  so  far  as  to  in- 
clude the  principal*  capital  cities.  It  also  furnishes  the 
pupil  with  a  reasonable  number  of  the  most  important 
islands,  capes,  bays,  rivers,  etc,  on  the  earth's  surface. 
The  subject  is  developed  principally  by  progressive 
questions,  growing  naturally  out  of  each  other ;  such 
as  might  be  supposed  to  spontaneously  arise  in  the 
mind  of  a  learner. 

In  order  to  quicken  the  interest  of  the  pupil,  and 
bring  his  imagination  to  the  aid  of  his  understanding, 
the  main  features  of  the  lessons  are  also  pictorially 
presented  in  a  series  of  numerous  designs  exquisitely 
drawn  and  engraved,  that  while  they  serve  to  instruct, 
they  may  also  contribute  to  elevate  and  refine  the  taste 
of  the  pupil.  This  feature  of  the  work  will  be  duly 
appreciated  by  every  teacher  who  has  had  occasion  to 
lament  the  purposeless  caeicatures  that  deform  many 
of  our  class-books,  and  waste  the  attention  of  scholars. 
Small  portions  of  descriptive  Geography  are  likewise 
introduced,  at  desirable  intervals,  as  a  means  of  relaxa- 
tion to  the  student.  The  maps  are  clear  and  large,  and 
as  the  studies  progress,  throughout  the  Series,  are 
ainpl  Hc'l  only  with  such  new  matter  as  maybe  fur- 
nifibt  J  liy  the  corresponding  lessons. 

Through  this  system,  the  memory  of  the  pupil 
buiornes  so  thoroughly  and  permanently  possessed  of 
the  f.ontcnta  of  a  map,  as  to  render  him  capable,  after  a 
t  t'smf'.  without  coasulting  it,  to  describe  each  of  its 
l)hysical  and  political  divisions  and  localities,  with  intel- 
ligence and  accuracy.  When  it  is  remembered  how 
much  time  is  expended,  at  present,  in  searching  out 
answers  to  questions  on  maps,  the  economy  and  value 
of  the  system  herein  offered,  will  more  fully  appear. 
In  the  order  of  succession  of  the  maps  of  the  present 
work,  that  of  the  United  States  is  purposely  reserved 
as  ft  final  exercise,  by  virtue  of  its  complicacy. 


To  facilitate  a  recapitulatory  ezamination  of  the 
scholar,  a  department  denominated  "Memory's  Aid,' 
always  succeeds  the  exercises  introduced  after  each  map. 
From  these  several  departments  of  the  work,  questions 
may  be  presented  in  as  many  diversified  forms,  or  rever- 
sions, as  the  teacher  or  examiner  thinks  advisable ;  and  if 
the  pupils  have  properly  learned  the  preceding  lessons, 
a  correct  and  intelligent  answer  will  always  promptlj-^ 
follow.  A  Pronouncing  Vocabulary,  containing  the 
names  of  all  the  natural  and  political  divisions  used 
throughout  the  work,  is  appended.  This  Vocabulary 
affords  the  material  for  a  final  examination,  by  which 
the  examiner  can  determine  the  precise  kind  and 
amount  of  geographical  knowledge,  possessed  by  any 
pupil.  The  importance  of  this  original  and  valuable 
arrangement  will  be  self-evident :  as  heretofore,  no 
method  of  ascertaining  individual  deficiencies  in  this 
important  science,  has  been  furnished  by  the  class- 
books  on  the  subject ;  consequently,  pupils  have  been 
allowed  to  graduate  from  our  schools  with  the  crudest 
and  most  erratic  ideas  of  a  simple  subject,  that  has 
occupied  their  patient  investigation  for  years. 

Having  thus,  as  briefly  as  the  plan  will  admit,  de- 
fined the  nature  and  intention  of  the  present  work, 
the  Author  confidently  submits  the  system  to  the 
ordeal  of  experiment. 

The  claims  it  proposes  for  universal  adoption  are : — 

First,  That  it  will  endow  a  pupil  with  a  thorough 
and  permanent  knowledge  of  Geography,  in  at  least 
one-half  of  the  time  heretofore  required  for  the  purpose. 

Second,  That  its  system  is  mentally  refreshing, 
capable  of  enlisting  and  retaining  the  interest  of  the 
pupil,  throughout  the  Series,  and  of  putting  the 
teacher  in  possession  of  a  gauge  to  test,  as  accurately 
as  in  Mathematics,  what  the  pupil  knows  of  the 
science. 

Third,  That  it  will  promote  uniformity  in  all  the 
classes  of  a  school,  wherein  the  entire  Scries  is  used,  as 
there  is  but  one  method  for  memorizing  the  contents 
of  a  map,  for  each  class,  the  rules  for  which  will  be 
given  in  the  second  number  of  the  Series,  that  result 
being  accomplished  in  the  present  nxunber  by  means 
of  the  questions. 

Such  are  its  claims;  and  however  important  or 
pretentious  they  may  seem  on  the  surface,  the  Author 
has  the  evidence  of  experiment  to  prove  the  interna 
power  of  the  system,  and  that  these  claims  fo^  i 
not  falsely  erected. 


*  Except  in  the  United  States  and  tlio  British  Isles. 


I.'  ^^.  , 


CORNELL'S  PPiIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


THE   PLANET   WE    INHABIT. 


INTRODUCTORY  LESSONS. 


Lesson  I. 

What  is  the  planet  on  which  we  live  c^edf 

It  is  caUed  "  The  Earth." 

What  is  the  shape  of  the  earth  ? 

It  is  very  nearly  round. 

Do  we  live  on  the  outside,  or  inside  of  the  earth ! 

On  the  outside. 

What  is  the  outside  of  the  earth  called ! 

The  surface  of  the  earth. 

Of  what  is  the  surface  of  the  earth  composed  I 

It  is  composed  of  land  and  water. 

Are  the  land  and  water  equally  distributed  over  the 
^-  earth's  surface ! 

'  No. 

Is  there  more  land  than  water  ?    , 
I^JJ^tliero  is  more  "^ater  than  land. 
!^^^WH5ieh  more  ? 

Three  times  as  much. 


What  is  Geography  t 

Geography  is  a  science  which  describes  the 
surface  of  the  earth. 


Lesson  II. 

Were  I  to  make  a  drawing,  showing  the  land  and  water 
on  thfe  earth,  what  would  such  a  drawing  be  called  f 

A  map. 

What  is  a  Map  ? 

It  is  a  drawing  representing  the  whole,  or 
any  part  of  the  earth's  surface. 

"Were  a  map  made,  representing  only  one  half  of  the 
earth,  what  would  such  a  map  be  called  f 

Map  of  a  Hemisphere. 

Why  would  it  be  called  Map  of  a  Hemispliere  / 


CORifELL'S  FKTMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


^^t 


S-r^^^     J^'^'Sp;^^^ 


Because  it  would  represent  only  one  half 
of  the  earth  ;  and  hemisphere  means  one  half  a 
sphere,  or  round  body. 

Sup[>ose  another  map  were  made,  showing  the  land  and 
water  on  the  other  half  of  the  earth,  what  would  it  be 
called  ? 

It  would  be  called  Map  of  a  Hemisphere  also. 

IIow  would  you  know  the  one  from  the  other? 

By  calling  one  the  Western,  and  the  other 
the  Eastern  Hemisphere. 


Lesson  III. 

"What  is  that  portion  of  the  map,  which  is  oolored,  in- 
tended to  represent  f 

The  land. 

What  is  the  space  inside  the  circle,  which  is  not  colored, 
intended  tc  represent  f 

The  water. 

What  do  you  see  printed  on  the  map  ? 

The  names  of  the  large  countries,  or  Gran 
Divisions  of  land,  on  the  Western  Hemifijihe: 


:l*«*^ 


INTRODUCTORY  LESSORS. 


11 


In  what  direction  is  Africa  from  Europe  ? 
In  what  direction  is  Asia  from  Africa! 
In  what  direction  is  Australia  from  Asia! 
In  what  direction  is  Africa  from  Australia  I 
In  what  direction  is  Asia  fivm  Europe? 
In  what  direction  is  Africa  from  Asia  ? 
In  what  direction  is  Asia  from  Australia  f 
In  what  direction  is  Australia  from  Africa? 
In  what  direction  is  Europe  from  Africa  ? 
In  what  direction  is  Australia  from  Europe? 
In  what  direction  is  Europe  fr^  Australia  ? 


THE  WORLD  IN 


Ir- 


Lesson  VII. 


Qaestiona  on  the  Maps  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres. 


If  the  Teacher  will  hava  the  kindness  to  explain,  by  a 
f  |kbe,  or  by  any  other  means  deemed  proper,  that  the  two 
Ileniispherea  united,  represent  the  world,  the  young  pupil 
will  very  reaiiily  comprehend  the  following  questions. 

What  are  the  names  of  the  Grand  Divisions  of  the  West- 
em  and  Eastern  Hemispheres  ? 

North  America,  Europe,  Asia,  Australia, 
Africa,  and  Soufh  America. 

Whit   lo  tlio  Eastern  and  Western  Cemispheres  re- 

The  entiie  surface  of  the  world. 


h  — 


What  is  represented  on  the  maps  besides  the  Grand 
Divisions  of  the  land  ? 

Water. 

What  Grand  Divisions  are  situated  east  of  North  and 
South  America  ? 

Europe  and  Africa. 

What  Grand  Divisions  are  west  of  North   and  South 
America  ? 

Asia  and  Australia. 

In  what  part  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  is  Australia  I 
In  what  direction  is  Asia  from  North  America? 
In  what  direction  is  Asia  from  Australia  ? 
In  what  direction  is  Asia  from  Africa  ? 
In  what  direction  is  Asia  from  Europe  ? 
In  what  direction  is  AfriBa  from  South  America  ? 
In  what  direction  is  Africa  from  North  America  ? 
In  what  direction  is  Europe  from  South  America  ? 
In  what  direction  is  Europe  from  North  America? 


Lesson  YIII. 


Mt  Young  Feiexds, 

I  am  now  going  to  tell  you  about  the 
many  names  given  to  the  land,  on  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

"VNTien  you  have  been  travelling,  you  have,  no  doubt,  ob- 
served that  the  land  is  greatly  diversified ;  that  is,  some  of 
it  is  high  and  rocky,  some  low  and  sandy ;  and  often  near  a 
body  of  water  it  assumes  a  variety  of  forms  and  shapes. 

These  and  many  other  appearances  of  the  land  have 
names  given  them  by  Geographers. 

I  wish  you  to  remember  that  these  names  are  applied  to 
what  are  called*  The  Natural  Divisions  of  the  Land." 


Questions  on  Lesson  Vm. 

How  does  the  lalid  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  appear  to 
a  traveller  ? 

What  have  been  applied  to  these  various  appearances  of 
the  land? 

To  what  kind  of  divisions  of  land  have  these  names  been 
applied  ? 

Why  do  we  call  them  natural  divisions  of  the  land  ? 

Because  they  are  divisions  which  have  heen 
formed  hy  nature. 


\i 


12 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


DEFINITION  OE  TERMS  USED  IN  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


Questioiu;  on  the  Natural  DivisioiiB  of  the  Land. 
What  is  a  Continent  ? 

A  Continent  is  a  very  large  division  of  land, 
surrounded  by  water. 

How  many  Continents  are  there  ?     Three. 
Which  are  they  ? 

The  Western  Continent,  tlie  Eastern,  and 
the  South-Eastern. 

What  Grand  Divisions  of  land  compose  the  Western  Con- 
tinent ? 

North  and  South  America. 

What  Grand  Divisions  of  land  compose  the  Eastern  Con- 
tinent ? 

Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa. 

What  Grand  Division  of  land  forms  the  Sonth-Eastem 
Continent  ? 

Australia.* 

In  what  part  of  the  Western  Continent  is  North  America? 

In  what  part  of  the  Eastern  Continent  is  Asia  ? 

\Vhat  Grand  Division  occupies  the  north-western  part  of 
the  Eastern  Continent  ? 

What  Grand  Division  occupies  the  southern  portion  of  the 
Western  Continent  ? 

Of  what  Continent  does  Africa  form  a  part  ? 

In  what  part  of  that  Continent  is  it  situated  ? 

In  which  Hemisphere  is  Europe  ? 

In  which  Hemisphere  is  North  America? 

In  which  Hemisphere  is  Asia  ? 

In  which  Hemisphere  is  South  America  ? 

In  which  Hemisphere  is  Australia  ?     , 

^V^lat  Natural  Division  of  land  is  Australia  ? 

What  Continent  is  it  ? 

*  Anstralia,  hy  somo  geographers,  Is  called  an  island. 


Lesson  IX. 

QnestionB  on  the  Kataral  DiviBiona  of  the  Land— continoed. 

Wh;it  is  an  Island? 

An  Island  is  land  surrounded  by  water,  like 
a  Continent,  only  it  is  not  so  large. 


An  Island. 


Look  at  the  picture  above,  and  you  will  see  a  very  pretty  piece  ot 
land,  surrounded  by  water..  What  is  a  portion  cf  land,  surrounded  by 
water,  called?  Below  is  a  drawing  which  shows  you  bow  we  represent 
an  Island  on  a  Map. 


Mup  of  an  Island. 
What  is  a  Peninsula  ? 

A  Peninsula  is  a  portion  of  land  not  quite 
surrounded  by  water,  and  is  always  joined  to 
some  larger  portion  of  land. 

What  is  an  Isthmus  ? 

An  Isthmus  is  a  narrow  strip  or  neck  of 
land,  which  joins  a  Peninsula  to  the  iUQ,in 
land. 


DEFINITION  OF  TERMS  USED  IN  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


13 


% 


,.      g 


What  is  a  Promontory  ? 

A  Promontory  is  a  high  or  mountainous 
point  of  laud  which  projects  into  the  water. 


A  Peninsula  and  an  Isthmus. 


How  can  yon  tell  a  Peninsnla  from  an  Island  ? 

An  Island  is  entirely  surrounded  by  water, 
and  a  Peninsula  almost,  hut  not  entirely. 


A  Ctepe. 


Is  a  Promontory  like  a  Cape,  then  ? 

Yes;    only  the  land  of  a  Promontory  is 
higher  than  that  of  a  Cape. 


iifi''<)i  a,  Peuinsalaand  an  IsUituus, 


Qnestioiu  on  the  Natural  Divisions  of  the  Land— continued. 
"WTiat  is  a  cape  ? 

A  Capo  is  a  point  of  land  which  projects 

\  f into  the  water. 


Map  of  a  Cape. 
What  is  a  Shore  or  Coast  ? 

A  Shore  or  Coast  is  the  strip  of  land  which 
borders  upon  any  body  of  water. 


14 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


What  is  a  Mountain?  j  in  the  top  or  side,  from,  whicli  issue,  at  times, 

A  Mountain  is  a  very  large  mass  of  rock    ^j.g  ^^^j  smoke, 
and  earth,   which    is    considerably   elevated       Volcanoes   sometimes   send  forth  red  hot 
above  the  surrounding  country.  :  ^^^^^^^  ^nd  large  portions  of  melted  matter, 

•  called  lava. 


A  Mountain  Obain. 
What  is  a  Mountain  Range  or  Chain? 

Continuous   elevations  of  land  ;   or  many 
mountains  joined  together. 

What  is  a  Volcano  ? 

A  Volcano  is  a  mountain  with  an  opening 


What  is  the  opening  in  a  Volcano  called  ? 

A  Crater. 


Map  of  a  Mountain  Chain. 
What  are  the  names  of  the  Natural  Divisions  of  the  land  ? 

Continent,    Island,     Peninsula,     Isthmus, 
Cape,  Promontory,  and  Mountain. 


Tlie  above  lltUo  map  may  be  xaeA  to  test  whether  the  pupil  fully 
comprehends  the  ground  he  has  gone  over,  In  the  preceding  Icssona 
The  Teacher  will  please  explain  that  all  the  main-laod  is  part  of  a 


continent;  the  rest  of  the  natural  divisions  of  the  larnl,  the  pnpil  sbocld 

be  able  to  point  out  iMt  / 


DEFmrnoN  of  terms  used  in  physical  geography. 


15 


A  View  on  the  Ocean. 


Lesson  XI.  :: 

To  THE  PdPIL, 

You  remember  I  told^oij  in  a  pre- 
♦•- 
ceding  lesson  that  the  land  is  greatly  diversified,  and  you 

have  learned  the  names  of  the  several  Natural  Divisions  of 

the  land ;  now  you  must  learn  that  the  water  ako  has  many 

diffident  names  applied  to  it  by  Geographers,  according  to 

ita  Bitnation,  form,  etc. 


Qaestioss  on  the  ITattiral  Divisions  of  the  Water. 
'Wha.t  is  an  Ocean  ? 

An  Ocean  is  a  very  large  division  of  vrater. 

"What  is  a  Sea? 

A  Sea  is  a  branch  of  the  ocean,  or  another 
sea,  r)artly  inclosed  by  land. 


A  Sea. 


Map  of  a  Sea. 


16 


CORNELL'S  PRLMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


What  is  a  Gulf  or  Bay  ? 

A  Gulf  or  Bay  is  a  branch  of  some  large 
division  of  water,  extending  into  the  land. 


A  Bay. 


There  is  but  little  difference  between  a  bay  and  a  gult    Generally 
epeaUng,  a  bay  Is  more  open  than  a  gul£ 


What  is  a  Sound? 

A  Sound  is  a  narrow  body  of  water  suf- 
ficiently shallow  to  be  sounded,  that  is,  to 
haVe  its  depth  ascertained  by  a  lead  and  line. 


-^^' 


V 


WliatUaStrait? 

A  Strait  is  a  narrow  body  of  water,  which 
connects  two  larger  bodies  of  water. 

What  is  a  Channel  ? 

\  r'hannel  is  a  narrow  arm  of  the  sea, 
wlucii  is  generally  so  situated  as  to  perform 
the  oitlce  of  a  strait. 


Map  of  a  Strait. 


IlVSSOll    XII. 

Qnestions  on  tho  Natural  Divisicns  flf  the  Water— continue 
Wliat  is  a  Lake  ?  ' 

A   Lake  is   a   body  of  water  formed   \\ 
streams  or  S2)ring8,  which  is  almost  nnil  soti 
times  quite,  encircled  by  land.  , 


'*»Ttyyynvy»Ty,,ii»i     Jj   >  fe 


^^^ 


DEFINITION  OF  TERMS  USED  IN  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


17 


Al^a. 
j  What  is  a  stream  called  that  flows  into  a  Lake  ? 

An  Inlet. 

What  is  a  stream  called  that  flows  from  a  Lake  ? 

An  Outlet.  W 


By  what  are  Rivers  formed  ? 

Kivers  are  formed  by  lakes,  or  by  small 
streams  which  issue  from  the  mountains. 


t 


i 


Map  o^a  Lske. 
What  is  a  River  ? 

A  Kiver  is  a  stream  of  water  flowing  in  an 
>fen  channel  through  the  land.  • 

What  is  the  Source  or  Head  of  a  River  ? 

The  Source  or  Head  of  a  Eiver  is  where  it 
-cs  or  begins  to  flow. 

WTiat  is  the  Jlouth  of  a  River .' 

^Tlie  Mouth  of  a  River  is  where  it.  empties 
some  other  body  of  water. 


A  Eiver. 


Are  these  small  streams  of  water  called  Rivers  ? 

No. 

Wiat  are  they  called  ? 

Brooks,  Greeks,  Rivulets,  or  Rills. 


Map  of  a  Biver. 

\Miat  are   the   names   of  the   Natural   Divisions  of  the 
Water  ? 

OfflfVP>  ftp^i  ^^?K;  Bay,  Strait,  Sound,  Chan- 
nel, Lake,  and  River. 

1^1      .     — r--T  — 'r       — ;— :    ^  ,  -'^~,''v;~:     i— 


t%^-^  BEMlSPttEj, 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  WESTERN  HEMISPHERE 


19 


<~^ 


Lesson  XIII. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE 

WESTERN   HEMISPHERE, 

Systematically  arrai^ed. 

What  ocean  is  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere  ? 

What  ocean  in  the  eastern  part  ? 

What  ocean  in  the  southern  part  ? 

What  ocean  in  the  westeni  part  ? 

AYhat  sea  is  north  of  South  America  ? 

Wliat  sea  is  north-west  of  North  America  7 

What  bay  in  the  northern  part  of  North  America  ?   H, 

What  gulf  east  of  North  America  ?     St.  L. 

What  gulf  south  of  North  America  1 

What  gulf  is  west  of  North  America  ? 

What  bay  lies  between* Prince  William's  Land  and 
Greenland  ?     B. 

What  strait  is  between  the  southern  part  of  South 
America  and  the  Island  of  Terra  del  Fuego  1 
^\7"hat  strait  is  between  North  America  and  Asia? 

What  strait  is  between  Prince  William's  Land  and 
Greenland  ? 

•  The  north-western  part  of  this  land  is  now  called  Cockburn  Isl 
and,  and  the  southern  part  Cumberland  Island. 


Lesson  XIV. 

Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged 

What  river  in    North  America  runs   a   northerly 
course,  and  oinjtties  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?     M. 

What  river  runs  a  TiorLL  Cjisterly  course,  and  empties 
into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  1 

Whut  river  runs,  a  southerly  course,  and  empties  into 
the  Gulf M  Mexico? 

Wha"'.  river  runs  a  son'Ii-eastorly  course,  and  empties 
into  the  same  Gulf? 

lat   river,  in   South  America,   nms  a  westerly, 
acrly  and  north-easterly  course,  and  empties  into 
\  Je  Atlantic  Ocean?     0. 

|What  river  flows  an  easterly  course,  and  empties  into 
Atlantic,  south  of  the  Orinoco  River?     A. 
^hat  river  runs  a  south-westerly  course,  and  emp- 
;o  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  ?     P. 


Into  what  ocean  does  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  empty  ? 
What  river,  in  North  America,  runs  a  south-westerly 
course,  and  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  California  ? 


Lesson  XV. 

Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  island  is  situated  north  of  North  America  ? 

Pr.  W's  L. 

What  island  is  east  of  PAnce  William's  Land  ? 

What  island  is  east  of  North  America  ?    N. 

What  group  of  islands  south-east  of  North  America  ? 

W.  L 

What  island  south  of  South  America  ? 

What  groups  of  islands  are  west  of  South  America? 

New  Zealand,  Friendly  and  Society  Islands. 

What  groups  of  islands  west  of  North  America  '^ 

S.&A. 

In  what  ocean  are  these  groups  situated  ? 

In  what  direction   from   North   America  is   South 
America  ? 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  South  America  ? 

A  Peninsula. 

What  isthmus  connects  it  with  North  America  ?     D. 

What  cape  projects  from  the  northern  part  of  North 
America  ? 

What  capes  project  from  the  east  coast?    S.  &  H. 

What  cape  in  the  northern  part  of  S.  America  ?     G. 

What  cape  in  the  eastern  part  ? 

What  cape  south  of  South  America  7 

What  cape  projects  from  the  west  coast  ? 

What  two  capes  on  the  west  coast  of  North  America 

What  cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Greenland? 

In  what  part  of  South  America  are  the  Andes  Moun- 
tains ? 

Where  are  the  Rocky  Mountains? 


Lesson  XVI. 


Map  Questions— Promiscuously  arranged. 


J 


Into  what  body  of  water  does  the  Mackenzie's  River 
empty  ? 

What  course  does  it  run  ? 


20 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


What  sea  is  north  of  South  America? 
.     What  gulf  is  north-west  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  ? 

What  ocean  is  west  of  America  1 

Into  what  body  of  water  does  the  St.  Lawrence  River 
empty  ? 

In  what  direction  does  the  St.  Lawrence  flow  ? 

What  ocean  is  east  of  America  ? 

What  sea  is  north-west  of  North  America  7    K. 

What  island  is  north  of  North  America  ? 

What  river  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  California? 

What  capes    project  from  the  east  coast  of  North 
America  ? 

Where  are  the  Andes  Mountains? 

What  ocean  is  situated  north  of  North  America  ? 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ? 

What  strait  is  between  the  Island  of  Terra  del  Fuego 
and  South  America  ? 

What  bay  is  west  of  Greenland? 

What  strait  connects  that  bay  with  the  Atlantic  ? 

What  ocean  is  south  of  South  America  ? 

What  groups  of  islands  lie  west  of  North  America  ? 

Which  group  lies  farther  south  ? 


Where  are  the  West  India  Islands  ? 
What  river  south  of  the  Amazon  ? 


Lesson  XVIL 


Map  Questions— Fromiscaously  arranged. 

What  cape  south  of  South  America  ? 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  South  America  ? 

What  bay  lies  south-west  of  Baffin's  Bay"? 

What  rivers  empty  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 

Wliich  one  takes  a  southerly  course  ? 

What  course  does  the  Rio  Grande  flow  ? 

What  island  is  south  of  South  America  ? 

By  what  strait  is  it  separated  from  South  America? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  west  coast  of  South 
America  ?  / 

Where  are  the  Rocky  Mountains  ? 

In  what  direction  is  North  America  from  South 
America  ? 

Where  is  the  Island  of  Newfoundland  ? 

What  river  empties  into  the  Atlantic,  north  of  the 
Amazon  ?     0. 

What  course  does  that  river  run  ? 

Does  the  Amazon  River  rise  in  the  western,  or  east- 
em  part  of  South  America  ? 

In  what  direction  does  it  flow  7 


Lesson  XVIIL 


Map  Questions— Fromiscuously  arranged. 

Into  what  river  does  the  Parana  flow  ? 

What  gulf  lies  between  Newfoundland  and  the  coast 
orth  America  ? 
hat  natural  division  of  land  is  Newfoundland  ? 

What  strait  separates  North  America  from  Asia  ? 

What  two  oceans  does  Behring  Strait  connect  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Greenland  from  North  America  ? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  northern  coast  of  North 
America  ? 

What  cape  is  south  of  Greenland  ? 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  Greenland  ? 

Which  lies  farther  north,  Greenland  or  Newfound- 
land ? 

Which  is  the  larger  island  of  the  two  ?  ^ 

What  two  capes  on  the  west  coast  of  North  America? 

Which  is  farther  north,  Cape  Mendocino  or  St.  Lucas  ? 

What  are  North  and  South  America,   when  taSen 
together,  called  ? 

America. 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  America  ? 

A  continent. 

What  is  a  continent  ? 

How  many  continents  are  there  ? 

What  isthmus  connects  North  and  South  America  ? 

What  is  an  isthmus  ? 

Which  is  the  longest  river  in  North  America  ? 

Which  the  longest  in  ScutfcvifUorica? 

What  is  a  river  ?  . 

What  is  a  river  called  that  flows  into  a  lake  ? 

What  is  an  outlet  ? 

What  is  a  river  called  that  flows  into  anothel ,  river  ? 

A  branch. 

Of  what  river  is  the  Parana  a  branch  ? 

Rio  (le  la  Plata. 

What  is  the  commencement  of  a  river  called 

Its  source. 

What  is  the  termination  of  a  river  called  ? 

Its  -aaouth. 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  WESTERN  Ii!i.AilSrnERE. 


21 


iSCfc 


CONTENTS  OF  THE  MAP  OF  THE  WESTERN  HEMISPHERE. 


To  THE  Teacher: 

It  would  be  well  to  have  the  pupils  refer  to  the  map  while  repeating  these  lessons,  until 
they  are  able  to  recognize  the  order  of  memorizing  the  several  natural  and  political  divisions  upon  a  map. 

They  might,  after  having  accomplished  thus  much,  say  the  lesson  without  the  map,  as  many  times  as  may  be 
deemed  necessary. 

One  member  of  the  class  could  be  called  upon  to  name  the  Islands ;  another,  the  Capes ;  a  third,  the  Rivers  • 
and  so  on. 


Lesson  XIX. 


The  Grand  Divisions  on  the  West- 
ern Hemisphere  are : —  North  America. 

South  America. 


The  Islands  are: 


.  The  Peiiinsula  is  :— 
The  Isthmus  is : — 
Tlie  Capes  are : — 


itain  Ranges  arc  :- 


Prince  William's  Laxd. 

Greenland. 

NewkovndlaiJd. 

West  Indies. 

Terra  del  Fcego. 

New  Zealand. 

Friendly. 

SociEfY. 

SAND^v^cH. 

Aleutian. 


South  America. 


Darien. 


Barrow. 

Sable. 

IIattek.\s. 

Galli>as. 

St.  Roque. 

Horn. 

Blanco. 

St.  Lucas. 

Mendocino. 

Farewell. 


U     -  A 


Andes. 
Rocky. 


lesson  XX. 


The  Oceans  that  wash  the  coasts  of 
America,  are^ — 


AEcna 
Atlantic. 
Southern, 
Pacific. 


The  Seas  on  the  Western  Hemis- 
phere 4re  :— 

Caribbean. 
Kamtchatka. 

The  Gulfs  and  Bays  are : — 

Hudson. 

St.  Laweencb. 

Mexico. 

Californi.\. 

Baffin's. 

The  Straits  are:— 

Magellan. 

Behring. 

Davb. 

The  Rivers  are : 


Mackenzie's. 

St.  Lawrence. 

Missbsippl 

Rio  Geandx. 

Orinoco. 

Amazon. 

Rio  de  la  Plata. 

Parana. 

Colorado. 


^^S-lERN^HEMls^^^ 


. 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  EASTERN  HEMISPHERE. 


23 


Lesson  XXI. 


S   ON   THE   MAP   OF   THE 


HEMISPHEKE 


Systematically  arranged. 

"What  ocean  is  in  the  northern  part  of  the   Eastern 
Hemisphere  1 

What  ocean  is  in  the  eastern  part  1 

"What  ocean  in  the  southern  part? 
Southern  Ocean. 

"What  ocean  in  the  western  part  ? 

"Wliat  ocean  north  of  the  Southern  Ocean  ?     I. 

"What  sea  is  north  of  Europe  ?     "W". 

"What  three  seas  are  east  of  Asia  ? 

What  sea  south  of  Asia  1    . 

What  sea  between  Africa  and  Asia  1 

•What  sea  north  of  Africa  ? 

What  sea  north-east  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 

What  two  seas  west  of  Europe  ?      N.  &  B. 

What  sea  lies  east  of  the  Black  Sea  1    C. 

What  gulf  north  of  Asia  ? 

What  gulf  south  of  Asia,  near  the  China  Sea  ? 

What  bay  south  of  Asia,  west  of  the  Gulf  of  Siam  ? 

What  gulf  is  situated  north-west  of  the  Arabian  Sea? 

What  gulf  is  west  of  Africa  ? 

What  bay  west  of  Europe  ? 

What  strait  is  south  of  Asia  ? 

What  strait  is  between  Africa  and  Asia? 

What  strait  separates  Africa  from  Europe  ? 

What  strait  is  between  the  Continent  of  Europe  and 
the  Island  of  Great  Britain  ? 

Strait  of  Dover. 

AVhat  channel  east  of  Africa  ? 


Lesson  XXIL 


Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

Wliat  liver,  in  Asia,  rises  in  the  Altai  Mountains, 
•vs  a  north-.\(Sterly course,  and  empties  into  the  Gulf 

What  river  c:i>t  of  the  Obe  ? 

^-*~" — ■ — —  -  . 


Among  what  mountains  does  that  river  rise  ? 

What  course  does  it  flow  ? 

Into  what  ocean  does  it  empty  ? 

What  river  do  you  j6nd,  on  your  map,  east  of  the 
Yenesei  ? 

What  course  does  that  river  flow  ? 

Into  what  body  of  water  does  it  empty  ? 

What  river  flows  an  easterly  course,  and  empties  into 
theSeaofOchotsk? 

In  what  range  of  mountains  does  it  rise  ? 

What  river  empties  into  the  Yellow  Sea? 

What  river  empties  into  the  China  Sea  ? 

What  course  does  it  run  ? 

Near  what  range  of  mountains  do  the  Yang-tse- 
Kiang  and  Cambodia  Rivers  rise  ?  , 

What  river,  in  Africa,  empties  into  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea? 

In  what  part  of  Africa  does  it  rise  ? 

What  river,  ui  Afrrca,  empties  into  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea? 

Describe  that  river.  In  describing  a  river  tell 
where  it  rises,  what  course  U  flows,  and  into  what  bodij 
of  water  it  empties. 

What  rivers,  in  Europe,  flow  into  the  Caspian  Sea  '^ 

Which  river  is  farther  east,  the  Ural  or  Volga  ? 

Among  what  mountains  does  the  Ural  rise  ? 

Does  the  Volga  rise  in  that  range  of  mountains  ? 

What  course  does  the  Volga  flow  ? 


Lesson  XXIIL 

Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  Grand  Divisions  are  on  the  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere ? 

What  two  islands  he  north  of  Europe? 

What  island  south  of  the  Sea  of  Ochotsk  ?    S. 

What  group  of  islands  south  of  Saghalien  ? 

What  group  lies  south  of  the  Japan  Islands  ? 

What  island  lies  north  of  Australia  ?     N.  G. 

What  island  is  south  of  Australia  ? 
.'What  island  lies  west  of  New  Guinea  ? 

AVhat  island  is  situated  west  of  Celebes  ? 

What  island  south-west  of  Borneo  ? 
\  What  island  north-west  of  Java  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Asia  is  Sumatra? 

What  island  is  east  of  Africa  ? 

What  islands  are  west  of  Europe  ? 

British  Isles. 


24 


CORNELL'S  PRIiL^Y  GEOGRAPHY. 


In  what  direction  from  Asia  is  the  peninsula  of 
Africa  ?  * 

In  what  direction  is  Africa  from  Europe  7 

"By  what  isthmus  is  Africa  united  to  Asia  ?     S. 

What  cape  projects  from  the  northern  part  of  Europe  7 

What  cape  from  the  northern  coast  of  Asia  ? 
*  What  cape  from  the  southern  coast  of  Asia? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa  ? 

What  cape  from  the  southern  coast  of  Africa  ? 

What  is    the   name  of  the  most  westei'ly  cape  of 
Africa  ? 

Cape  Yerde. 

)  What  cape  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa  ? 
What  range  of  mountains  between  Europe  and  Asia  1 
What  range  in  the  northern  part  of  Asia  ? 
What  one  in  the  southern  part  7 
What  range  in  the  central  part  of  Africa  ? 
What  one  in  the  southern  part  of  Europe  ? 


Lesson  XXIV. 

Map  Questions— Promiscuously  arranged. 

In  what  direction  is  Africa  from  Europe  ? 
What  natural  ilivision  of  land  is  Africa? 
What  ocean  is  north  of  Europe  and  Asia  ? 
Where  is  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ? 
By  what  strait  is  the  Red  Sea  connected  with  the 
Indian  Ocean  ? 
What  Ls  a  Strait  ? 
What  sea  is  South,  of  Europe  ? 
In  what  direction  is  that  sea  from  Africa? 
What  island  is  east  of  Borneo  ? 
In  what  direction  is  Borneo  from  Asia  ? 
What  large  gulf  indents  the  western  coast  of  Africa? 
What  natural  division  of  land  is  Borneo  ? 
What  natural  division  of  land  is  Asia  ? 
It  forma  part  of  a  continent. 

What  other  countries  are  included  in  the  Eastern 
Continent  ? 

Europe  and  Africa. 

In  what  direction  is  Borneo  from  Australia  ? 
What  natural  division  of  land  is  Australia  ? 
What  is  the  name  of  the  southern  cape. of  Asia? 
Into  what  ocean  does  that  cape  project  ? 
Between  what  oceans  does  the  Island,  or  Continent 
of  Australia  lie  ? 


In  what  ocean  is  the  Island  of  Madagascar  ? 
AVhat  channel  separates  it  from  Africa  ? 
On  which  side  of  th^,  island  is  that  channel 
Where  is  the  llediiJfc? 


Lesson  XXY. 

Map  Questions— Promiscuously  arranged. 

What  island  is  west  of  Borneo  ? 

What  strait  unites  the  Mediterranean  Sea  with  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

What  bay  is  west  of  Europe  ? 

What  three  seas  are  cast  of  Asia  ? 

What  gulf  lies  west  of  the  China  Sea  ? 

Which  lies  farther  north,  the  Sea  of  Ochotsk  or  the 
Yellow  Sea  ? 

Which  is  farther  ^outh,  the  Yellow  Sea  or  the  China 
Sea? 

What  strait  separates  Great  Britain  from  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe  ?     D. 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  Great  Britain  ? 

An  Island. 

What  are  the  islands  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
usually  called  ? 

The  British  Isles. 

What  ocean  is  east  of  Asia  ? 

What  range  of  mountains  in  Northern  Africa  ? 

In  what  part  of  Africa  are  the  Kong  Mountains  ? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  west  coast  of  Africa  ? 

What  rivers,  in  Asia,  flow  northerly  and  empty  into 
the  Arctic  Ocean  ? 

In  what  range  of  mountain^do  those  rivers  rise  ? 

Through  what  gulf  does  the'.Obe  River  flow  ? 

What  mountain  range,  beside  tlie  Altai,  in  Asia  ? 

In  what  part  of  Asia  are  those  mountains  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Africa  and  Europe  is  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  ?  .  ■  ^ 

What  sea  is  north  of  Europe  ?    W. 

Into  what  body  of  water  does  the  Nile  empty  ? 

What  course  does  the  Nile  River  flow  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Africa  is  the  Mediternmean 
Sea? 

Which  is  larger,  the  Mediterranean  or  the  Red  Sea  ? 

Which  lies  farther  south  ? 

Between  what  two  countries  does  the  Red  Sea  lie  ? 

Between  which  two  doop  the  Mediterranean 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  EASTERN  HEMISPHERR 


25 


Lesson  XXYI. 

Map  Questio-s— Promiscuously  arranged. 

What  ithofAsia? 

What  gulf  is  north-west  of  that  sea  ? 
What  large  bay  south  of  Asia? 
Which  is  farther  east,  the  Bay  of  Bengal  or  the  Ara- 
bian Sea  ? 
What  course  does  the  Cambodia  River  flow  ? 
Into  what  sea  does  it  empty  1 
What  group  of  islands  lies  east  of  the  China  Sea  ? 
Where  is  the  Niger  Jliver  ? 
Into  what  gulf  does  it  empty  1 
What  other  large  river  in  Africa  1 
What  seas  are  between  Europe  and  Asia  1 
Which  is  farther  west,  the  Black  or  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 
Which  lies  nearer  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 
What  gulf  indents  the  northern  shoro  of  Asia  i 
To  what  ocean  is  that  gulf  tributary  ? 
Arctic. 

Into  what  sea  does  the  Ural  River  empty  ? 
Among  what  mountains  does  it  rise  7 
What  islands  are  north  of  Europe  ?     S  &  N.  Z. 
In  what  ocean  are  those  islands  situated  ^ 
Where  are  the  Japan  Islands  ? 
In  wliat  direction  are  they  from  the  Philippine  ? 
What  cape  projects  from  the  northern  coast  of  Asia  ? 
^What  is  the  most  easterly  cape  of  Africa  called  1 
Where  are  the  Alps  Mountains  ? 
What  is  the  name  of  the  most  northerly  cape  of  Eu- 
rope? 
Into  what  ocean  does  it  project  ? 
What  isthmus  is  north  of  the  Red  Sea  ? 
What  two  countries  does  it  connect  ? 
Between  what  seas  is  that  isthmus  ? 
What  strait  connects  the  Red  Sea  with  the  Indian 
Ocean  ? 

■  What  Grand  Divisions,  on  the  Eastern  Hemisphere, 
lie  farthest  north  ? 

What  Grand  Division  lies  farthest  south-west  ? 
In  what  part  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  is  Europe  ? 
Which  Grand  Division  is  the  largest  ? 
Which  the  smallest? 
'  1  Which  one  is  surrounded  by  water? 
i  Australia. 

f  Wh'ch  one  is  almost  surrounded  by  water  ? 
Afirica. 


Lesson  XXVIL 
KEYIEW. 

What  is  the  name  of  the  planet  on  which  we  live  ? 

Of  what  is  the  surface  of  the  earth  composed  { 

Is  there  more  water  than  land  on  the  earth '{ 

IIow  many  Hemispheres  are  there '{ 

What  does  Hemisphere  mean  ? 

What  names  are  given  to  designate  the  two  Hemis- 
pheres ? 

What  are  the  names  of  the  four  Cardinal  Points  ? 

North,  East,  South,  and  West. 

In  what  direction  would  a  place  be,  were  it  situated 
about  half  way  between  North  and  East  ? 

What  is  a  Map  ? 

Is  the  earth's  surface  repiresented  on  a  map,  as  it 
would  be  in  a  picture  ? 

How  is  it  represented  on  a  map  ? 

It  is  represented  on  a  plane. 

To  what  part  of  tho  map  do  you  look  for  North  ? 

Which  side  of  the  map  is  West  ? 

What  cardinal  point  is  opposite  the  North  ? 

W  hat  one  is  opposite  the  AVest  ? 

What  are  the  names  of  the  natural  divisions  of  the 
land  ? 
.   What  is  a  cape  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Comorin  ? 

What  Gfipo  projects  from  the  east  coast  of  Africa  ? 

Into  what  water  does  that  cape  project  ? 

What  is  an  isthmus  ? 

Where  is  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ? 

What  isthmus  connects  Africa  with  Asia? 
What  are  volcanoes  ? 

What  is  the  diflerenee   between  a  volcano   and  a 
mountain  ? 


Lesson  XXVIIL 

Eeview— continued- 

What  is  a  continent  ? 
How  many  continents  are  there  ? 
Which  are  they  ? 

What  continents  are  on  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  ? 
In  what  part  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  is  Aus- 
tralia? 


26 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


On  which  Hemisphere  is  the  Continent  of  America"? 

What  is  the  difference  between  a  continent  and  an 
island  1 

There  is  no  difference,  except  in  regard  to 
size.  A  very  large  island  is  called  a  conti- 
I  nent. 

What  Grand  Divisions  compose  the  Western  Con- 
tinent ? 

What  is  an  island  ? 

What  islands  are  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  ? 

Where  is  the  Island  of  Madagascar  1 

What  Grand  Divisions  compose  the  Eastern  Con- 
tinent ? 

What  is  a  peninsula  7 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  South  America  ? 

What  peninsula  lies  east  of  South  America  ? 

How  can  jov  tell  a  peninsula  from  an  island  ? 

What  is  a  mountain  ? 

When  many  mountains  are  joined  together,  what  are 
they  called  1 

What  mountain  ranges  are  there  on  the  Eastern 
Continent  ? 

Has  the  water  different  names  applied  to  it  7 

What  are  the  names  of  the  natural  divisions  of  the 
watcl"  ? 

How  many  oceans  are  there  ? 

Which  ocean  is  the  largest  7 

What  is  a  river  7 

How  are  rivers  usually  formed  7 

What  are  rivers  called  which  flow  into  other  rivers  7  ' 

Branches. 

What  are  very  small  streams  of  water  called  7 

What  name  do  you  give  to  a  point  of  land  which  pro- 
jects into  a  body  of  water  ? 

Suppose  the  land  is  very  high  and  rocky,  do  you  call 
it  a  cape  then  7 

What  do  you  call  it  7 


Lesson  XXIX. 

Beview— continaed. 

What  is  a  strait  7    What  is  a  shore  or  coast  7 

What  is  a  channel  7 

What  is  a  sound  ? 

What  sea  lies  Ijctwcen  Africa  and  Asia? 

What  is  r,  sea? 

What  seals  north  of  South  America? 


What  is  a  bay  or  gulf? 

What  gulf  is  south  of  North  America? 

What  group  of  islands  lies  at  the  entrance  of  that 
gulf?  ^  ^^^ 

What  gulf  is  bet\IB  Newfoundla^^^Harth  Amer- 
ica? 

What  bay  is  west  of  Europe  ? 

What  are  the  names  of  the  rivers  on  tUS  Western 
Continent  ? 

■When  called  upon  to  tell  the  rivers  of  any  country,  always  begin  in 
the  north--nest  part;  mention  first  those  rivers  which  flow  into  bodies  of 
■water  on  the  north,  then  those  -which  flow  into  bodies  of  water  on  tlie 
east,  nest  those  which  flow  into  bodies  of  water  on  the  south,  and  then 
those  which  flow  into- bodies  of  water  on  the  west  When  a  river  has 
branches,  say  them  after  the  main  river. 

According  to  this  order,  which  river  on  the  Western 
Continent  should  you  mention  first  ? 
The  Mackenzie's  Eiver. 

Which  next  ?     St.  L. 

Which  last?     C. 

What  islands  are  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  ? 

Begin  with  Spitzbergen,  pass  along  east,  west,  and  north,  quite 
round  the  Hemisphere,  and  mention  the  islands  in  the  order  you  Cud 
them  on  the  map. 

If  you  mention  these  islands  in  the  proper  order, 
which  comes  third  ? 

Saghalien. 

What  group  of  islands  would  be  mentioned  ne..t  ?   I. 

As  3'ou  pass  on,  going  south,  what  group  would  you 
find  next  ?     P. 

What  island  do  you  mention  after  New  Guinea  7 

In  what  direction  from  the  Australian  Continent  is 
Van  Dieraen's  Land? 

What  mountain  ranges  are  on  the  Western  Continent  ? 

What  bays  indent  the  coasts  ? 

What  rivers  are  on  the  Eastern  Continent  ? 

Which  of  those  rivers  flow  northerly  and  empty  into 
the  Arctic  Ocean  ? 

Which  one  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Guinea? 

Which  two  flow  into  the  Caspian  Sea? 

Which  one  empties  into  the  China  Sea  ? 

Which  three  are  mentioned  last,  if  you  say  them  in 
the  proper  order  ? 

What  bays  and  gulfs  indent  the  shores  of  the  Eastern 
Continent  ? 

Which  of  them  indent  the  coast  of  Asia  ? 

Does  the  Gulf  of  Giiirtea  indent  a  part  of  the  eastern, 
or  western  coast  of  Africa  ? 

"Will  I  find  the  Bay  of  Biscay  by  looking  along  the 
coast  of  Africa? 

Where  will  I  find  it? 


=^= 


EXERCISES  Om  THE  MAP  OF  THE  EASTERN  HEMISPHERR 


21 


CONTENTS  OF  THE  MAP  OF  THE  EASTERN  HEMISPHERE. 


Lesson  XXX. 


The  Grand  Divisions  of  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere  are: — 


The  Islands  are:~- 


The  Peninsoia  is: — 
The  Isthmus  is: — • 
The  Gapes  are : — 


MooQtains  are:^- 


EUROPE. 

Asia. 

Australia. 

Afbica. 


Lesson  XXXL 


The  Oceans  that  wash  the  coasts  of 

tiie  Eastern  Continent  are : —        Arctkj. 

Pacific, 
Indian. 

ATLANTia 


Spitzbergen. 

Nova  Zoibla. 

Saghalien. 

Japan  Isles. 

Philippine  Isles. 

New  Guinea. 

Van  Diemen's  Land. 

Celebes. 

Borneo. 

/ava. 

Sl^matra- 

Madagascar. 

British  Isles. 


Africa- 


Suez. 


North. 
North-east. 

COMORIN. 

guardaftl 
Good  Hope. 
Verde. 
Bon. 


Ural. 
Altai. 
Himalaya. 

Atlas. 
Alps. 


The  Seas  on  the  Eastern  Hemis- 
phere are: — 


The  Gulfis  and  Bays  are: — 


The  Straits  are : — 


The  Riyers  are : 


White. 

OCHOTSK. 

Yellow. 

China. 

Arabun. 

Red. 

Mediterranean. 

Black. 

North. 

BALTia 

Caspian, 


Obe. 

SlAU. 

Bengal. 
Persian. 

GlINEA. 
BiSCAT. 


Malacca. 
Bab-el-Mandbb. 
Gibraltar. 
Dover. 

Obe. 

Yenbso. 

Lena. 

Ahoor. 

Yang-tse-Kiakg. 

Cambodia. 

Niger. 

Nile. 

Volga. 

Ural 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


29 


: ^ 

Is  the  city  of  Mexico  in  the  northern,  or  southern 
part  of  Mexico  ? 

"What  city  is  the  capital  of  Yucatan  ? 

In  what  part  of  Yucatan  is  it  situated  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  a  part  of  Central  America  ? 

Cojutepeque  (ko-hoo-ta-pa'kci). 

"What  islands  lie  north  of  North  America  1 

Baring's,  Cockburn,  and  Cumberland^ 

In  what  ocean  does  Baring's  Island  lie  ? 
What  islands  lie  between  Baffin's  Bay  and  Hudson 
Bay? 


Introductory  Remarks  on  the  Map  of  North  America. 

Having  committed  to  memory  the  lessons  prepared  for 
jou,  on  the  Maps  of  the  Hemispheres,  you  may  now  com- 
mence the  study  of  the  Map  of  North  America. 

You  will  perceive  by  looking  upon  the  map,  that  l^orth 
America  is  divided  into  several  countries,  each  having  a 
separate  name;  these  constitute  the  chief  political  divis- 
ions of  North  America.  When  we  speak  of  natural  or 
phj-sical  divisions  in  geography,  we  mean  only  those  which 
liave  beeu  formed  by  nature — such  as  rivers,  bays,  islands, 
mountains,  «fec.  When  we  speak  of  political  divisions,  we 
refer  to  those  which  have  been  made  by  man — such  as 
countries,  cities,  states,  <fec. 


Lesson  XXXII. 


QUESTIONS     ON     THE     MAP     OF 

NOKTH    AMERICA, 

Systematically  arranged. 
Of  what  does  North  America  form  a  part  1 
It  forms  a  part  of  tbe  American  Continent. 
What  other  Grand  Division  forms  the  rest  of  the 
continent  1 
South  America. 

In  what  part  of  North  Americjy s  Russian  America  1 
What  country  lies  east  of  Russian  Amerfca  ? 
What  country  in  the  central  part  of  North  America  1 
What  country  is  south  of  the  United  States  % 
What  countries  lie  south-east  of  Mexico  ? 
What  is  a  City  1 

A  City  is  a  large  collection  of  houses  and 
inhabitants. 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  British  America  1 

Look  upon  the  map  and  you  will  find  a  name  with  this  mark  ^  near 
it    In  this  manner  the  capital  cities  will  be  marked  on  the  maps. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  a  country  ? 

It  is  the  seat  of  government  ;  or,  in  other 
words,  the  city  in  which  the  Legislature,  or 
officers  meit,  to  make  laws  for  the  country. 
Pn  what  riypr  is  the  capital  city  of  British  America  ? 
[t  is  situated  on  the  Ottawa  Kiver. 
I^hat  cify  in  British  America  on  the  St.  Lawrence  R.  1 
"^  lat  city  is  tlic  capital  of  the  United  States  ? 
what  part  of  the  United  States  is  that  city? 
"What  city  is  the  capital  of  Mexico  ? 


Lesson  XXXIIL 

Map  Questions— Systematically  Arrai^ed. 

What  large  island  lies  east  of  Cockburn  and  Cimi- 
berland  Islands  1 

What  island  is  east  of  Greenland  1 

Where  is  the  island  of  Newfoundland  1 

What  ocean  washes  its  eastern  coast  ? 

What  gulf  lies  between  it  and  the  coast  of  British 
America'? 

What  group  of  islands  lies  south-east  of  the  United 
States? 

What  ocean  is  on  the  north  of  these  islands  ? 

What  gulf  on  the  west? 

What  sea  on  the  south  ? 

Which  is  farther  east,  Cuba  or  Hayti  ? 

Which  is  farther  south,  Cuba  or  Jamaica  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Jamaica  from  Hayti  ? 

What  two  islands  are  west  of  British  America  1 

Which  is  farther  north,  Vancouver's  or  Queen  Char- 
lotte's Island  ? 

What  peninsula  is  in  the  northern  part  of  British 
America  ? 

MelviUe. 

What  peninsula  in  the  eastern  part  of  British  Amer- 
ica ?    Nova  S. 

What  peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United 
States? 

Where  is  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan  ? 

What  peninsula  in  the  western  part  of  Mexico  ? 

What  penmsula  is  in  the  south-western  part  of  Rus- 
sian America  ? 

What  isthmus  connects  North  and  South  America  ? 

What  water  is  on  the  north  side  of  that  isthmus  1 

What  water  on  the  south  side  ? 


80 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY 


QUBBEa 

Ton  will  perceive  by  looking  at  the  picture,  that  this  city  is  divided  into  two  parts ;  one,  called  the  upper  town,  is  built  on  a  rocky  promontory, 
and  the  other,  called  the  lower  town,  borders  on  the  river,  at  the  base  of  the  rock.  What  is  the  name  of  the  river  ?  The  Citadel,  a  celebrated  for~ 
tress,  is  built  on  the  top  of  the  highest  part  of  the  promontory.    You  have  4  nearer  view  of  it  on  the  opposite  page. 


Lesson  XXXIV. 


Hap  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  cape  projects  from  the  northern  coast  of  Rus- 
sian America  1 

What  one  from  the  northern  coast  of  British  Amer- 
ica? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  eastern  coast  of  British 
America  ? 

Into  wliat  water  does  Cape  St.  Lewis  project  1 

What  two  capes  project  from  the  eastern  coast  of  the 
United  States? 

Which  of  these  capes  is  farther  north  ? 

What  cape  is  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Florida? 

What  cape  is  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Peninsula  of 
California? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  western  coast  of  the 
United  States. 

Into  what  body  of  water  does  Cape  Mendocino  pro- 
ject? 

What  cape  Is  south  of  Greenland  7 


What  range  of  mountains  is  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  United  States  ? 

What  range  of  mountains  in  Mexico  ? 

Mexican   Cordilleras.      This   range  is  also 
called  the  Sierra  Madre. 

What  range  in  the  western  part  of  the  United  States 
and  British  America  ? 

In  what  direction  is  British  America  from  the  Unit- 
ed States  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Mexico  from  Central  America? 

Yucatan  from  Central  America  ? 

Russian  America  from  British  America  ? 

Greenland  from  British  America  ? 

Winch  country  in  North  America  lies  farthest  north- 
west? 

Which  one  farthest  south  ? 

Which  one  extends  farthest  east  ? 

Which    is    bounded  on   the  north    by  the    United 
States? 

What  two  countries  extend  from  the  Atlantifi  t'.  t^o 
Pacific  Ocean  ? 

What  gulf  bounds  Mexico  on  the  east  ? 

What  sea  bounds  Central  America  on  the  east  ? 


T- 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 


The  Citadel,  Queboo. 

Lesson  XXXy. 

Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  ocean  is  on  the  north  of  North  America  ? 

What  one  on  the  east  1 

What  one  on  the  west  1 

What  sea  is  cast  of  Central  America? 

What  sea  is  west  of  Russian  America  1 

What  gulf  indents  the  northern  part  of  British  Amer- 
ica, and  is  tributary  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ? 

Where  is  Hudson  Bay  ? 

What  gulf  '^  east  of  British  America  ? 

What  body  o^nrater  is  east  of  that  gulf? 

What  bay  isllist  of  the  Peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia? 

What  bay  indents  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United 
States? 

What  large  gulf  is  south  of  the  United  States  ? 

In  what  direction  is  it  from  Mexico  ? 

From  Yucatan  ? 

"What  bay  is  cast  of  Yucatan  ? 

To  what  water  is  that  bay  tributary  ? 

In  what  direction  is  the  Bay  of  Honduras  from  Cen- 
tral America  ? 

What  gulf  lies  between  the  Peninsula  of  California 
and  Mexico  ? 

AVhere  is  Baffin's  Bay? 

What  strait  connects  Hudson  Bay  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  ? 

A\'hiat  st»'^it  separates  Russian  America  from  Asia? 
■jWhcKvis  Davis  Strait? 

K  »■  WW %W^' does  Davis  Strait  connect? 
|K  Wiiat  o^^ans  does  Behring  Strait  connect  ? 


81 


Lesson  XXXVL 


Map  Qaestions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  two  lakes  are  in  the  northern  part  of  British 
America? 

Where  is  Lake  Winnipeg? 
/     In  what  direction  from  Lake  Winnipeg  is  Lake  Supe- 
nor? 

What  Lake  is  south  of  Lake  Superior  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Lake  Michigan  is  Lake 
Huron? 

What  Lake  is  south-east  from  Lake  Huron  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Lake  Erie  is  Lake  Ontario  ? 
^  What  river  empties  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ? 

What  course  does  the  ^Mackenzie's  River  liow  ? 

In  what  lake  does  it  rise  ? 

Great  Slave  Lake. 

What  two  rivers  empty  into  Hudson  Bay? 

In  what  lake  does  the  Nelson  rise  ? 

What  course  does  the  Churchill  flow  ? 

What  river  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ? 

Of  what  lakes  is  the  St.  Lawrence  the  outlet  ? 

Superior,  Micliigaii,  Huron,  Erie,  and  On- 
tario. 

In  what  part  of  the  United  States  does  the  Missis- 
sippi River  rise  ? 

Into  what  body  of  water  does  it  empty  ? 

What  river  flows  a  south-westerly  course  and  unites 
with  the  Mississippi  ? 

What  is  the  Ohio  River  ? 

A  branch  of  the  Mississippi. 

What  three  rivers  empty  into  the  Mississippi  on  the 
west  side  ? 

AV^hich  one  is  farthest  south  ? 

Which  one  is  the  longest  ? 

Among  what  mountains  do  those  rivers  rise? 

Mention  the  branches  of  the  Mississippi.  0.  M. 
A.  &R. 

What  river  is  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  ? 

Tell  where  that  river  rises,  wliat  course  it  flows,  and 
where  it  empties. 

What  river  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  California  ? 

Describe  this  river  as  you  did  the  last. 

Where  is  the  Columbia  River  ? 

Does  it  rise  in  the  United  States  or  in  British  Amer- 
ica? 


82 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


CAPITOL  AT  TrAsnrsGTox 


"We  would  like  to  have  you  remember  the  appearance  of  the  building  in  the  above  picture,  as  it  is  th'dflnest  and  most  important  one  in  the 
United  States.    Hers,  the  oflBcers,  who  are  chosen  by  the  people  of  the  several  Btates,  assemble  to  make  laws,  etc.  for  the  whole  country. 


Lesson  XXXVII.        ^ 

Map  Questioas— Promiscuously  arranged. 

What  ocean  is  west  of  North  America  ? 

"Where  is  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ? 

Where  is  Russian  America  ? 

What  cape  in  the  southern  part  of  Florida  7 

What  is  Florida  ? 

Where  is  Melville  Peninsula  ? 

Where  is  the  Sea  of  Kamtchatka  ? 

Of  what  ocean  is  that  sea  a  branch  ? 

The  Pacific  Ocean. 

What  strait  connects  the  Arctic  Ocean  with  the  Sea 
of  Kamtchatka? 
What  Grand  Divisions  does  that  strait  separate? 
AVhat  gulf  is  west  of  Newfoundland  ? 
In  what  directioji  is  Newfoundland  from  Greenland  ? 
What  cape  south  of  Greenland? 
In  what  direction  from  Greenland  is  Iceland? 
Where  is  the  peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia  ? 
Is  a  strait  a  natural  division  of  land,  or  of  water? 
.Where  is  IIud.son  Strait? 
In  what  part  of  North  America  is  Mexico  ? 
What  gulf  indents  the  western  shore? 
What  peninsula  is  west  of  that  gulf? 
Where  is  the  Caribbean  Sea  ? 
Where  is  Cojutepcque  (ko-hoota-pa'ka)  ? 


What  island  lies  south-west  of  Baffin's  Bay  ? 

Where  is  Cockburn  Island  ?  In  what  direction  from 
British  America  is  Cumberland  Island  ? 

What  ocean  is  north  of  North  America  ? 

What  strait  is  at  the  entrance  of  Baffin's  Bay  ? 

Between  what  islands  is  Davis  Strait  ? 

Which  is  farther  north,  Davis  or  Hudson  Strait? 

What  rivers  empty  into  Hudson  Bay  ? 

Into  which  side  of  the  bay  do  they  empty  ? 

Which  of  those  rivers  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Winni- 
peg? 

Which  are  the  three  western  branches  of  thejiMissis- 
BippiRiver?    M.  A.  &  R. 


rr 


View  on  the  Mississippi 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


S3 


Mesioo. 


Lesson  XXXVni. 

Map  Questions— Promiscuonaly  arraiiged. 

Where  are  the  Rocky  Mountains  ? 

What  cape  projects  frop  the  northern  coast  of  Rus- 
sian America? 

"What  city  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  ? 

What  lakes  are  in  British  America  ? 

Great  Bear,  Great  Slave,  and  Winnipeg. 

What  lakes  are  between  British  America  and  the 
JJnited  SUtes  ?  * 

Superior,  Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario. 

Where  is  the  Columbia  River  ? 

Into  what  ocean  does  it  empty  1 

In  what  direction  from  North  America  is  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  ? 
•   In  what  direction  is  the  Arctic  ? 

In  what  direction  is  the  Pacific  ? 

What  is  the  name  of  tlie  most  southerly  country  in 
North  America  ? 

What  country  is  north-west  of  Central  America  ? 

Wh^t  city  is  the  capital  of  Mexico  1 

In  what  pa;-t  of  Mexico  is  the  capital  situated? 

^ hat  gruJf /-..ashes  the  eastern  coast  of  Mexico ? 

Wrfere  is  the  Bay  of  Honduras  ? 


What  peninsula  lies  between  the  Bay  of  Honduras 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 

"^rhat  river  forms  the  eastern  branch  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  ? 

What  large  lakes  in  the  northern  part  of  the  United 
States? 

Which  one  of  those  lakes  is  the  largest  ? 

Which  lies  farthest  east  ? 

Which  one  is  not  between  British  America  and  the 
United  States? 

Lake  Michigan. 

Where  are  the  West  India  Islands  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  of  those  islands  ? 

Cuba. 

Where  is  the  Colorado  River? 

What  course  does  it  flow  ? 

Into  what  gulf  docs  it  empty  ? 

What  peninsula  is  west  of  that  gulf? 

AVhat  cape  is^  the  extremity  of  that  peninsula? 

What  range  of  mountains  in  the  western  part  of  Brit- 
ish America  ? 

AVhat  city  is  the  capital  of  British  America? 

How  is  it  situated  ?    How  is  Quebec  situated  ? 

On  which  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ? 

What  country  occupies  the  central  portion  of  North 
America  ? 
A     What  ocean  bounds  it  on  the  west  ? 

What  one  on  the  east  ? 


34 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


CONTENTS  OF  THE  MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


The  experienced- Teacher  will  readily  perceive  that  the  lessons,  called  "  Memory's  Aid,"  admit  of  being  used  in  a 
variety  of  ways.  I  would,  however,  suggest  that  the  pupils  be  required  first  of  all,  to  repeat  the  names  of  the  several 
natural  and  political  divisions,  both  with  and  without  the  map,  until  all  that  it  contains  is  thoroughly  memorized  ;  that  is, 
as  far  as  the  names  of  those  divisions,  and  the  ord/r  of  saying  them,  are  concerned. 

Tlius  much  accomjili-shed,  the  pupil  should  bound  each  country,  state  the  location  of  each  capital  city,  and  correctly 
describe  each  natural  division.  .  .        .  - 

Que  member  of  the  class  might  be  called  upon  to  mention  the  first  river  in  order  on  the  map,  and  another .  to 
describe  it.     In  this  way,  the  pupils  could  proceed  with  all  the  other  natural  or  physical  divisions. 


Lesson  XXXIX. 


The  Countries  of  North  America 


The  Capital  Cities  of  the  Countries 
of  North  America  arc : — 


The  Islands  near  the  Coast  are ; 


The  Peninsulas  are : — 


The  Cai)€8  are  :— 


Russian  America, 
British  America, 
United  States, 
Mexico, 
Yucatan,  and 
Central  America. 

Ottawa, 
"Washington, 
Mexico, 
METimA,  find 

C<. 

B.v..,.,      ,       . 

COCKIILUN, 
CuXfBEKLANn, 

Iceland,      * 
Newfoundland, 
West  Indies, 
VANfJouvEii's,  and 
Queen  Cuarloite's. 

Melville, 
Nova  Scotia, 
Florida, 
Yucatan, 
California,  and 
Alaska. 

Barkow, 

BAXnURiiT, 

St.  Lewis, 

C«)D, 

IIatteras, 
Bablk, 
St.  Lucas, 
Mendocino, 
Farewelu 


Lesson  XL. 

The  Oceans  that  wash  the  Coasts 

of  North  America  are : —  Arctic, 

Atlantic,  and 
Pacific. 


The  Seas  arc : 


The  Gulfs  and  Bays  are : — 


The  Mountain  Ranges  are : — 


Alleouany, 

Mexican  Cordilleras,  &  || 
Rocky. 


The  Straits  are : — 


The  Lalces  are: — 


The  Rivers  are : 


Caribbean,  and 
Kamtchatka. 

Coronation, 

Hudson, 

St.  Lawrence, 

FUNDY, 

Chesapeake, 
Mexico, 
hondi.ras, 
California,  and 
Baffin's. 


llUDSON, 

Bearing,  and 
Davis. 


Great  Be^vr, 
Great  Slave, 
Winnipeg, 
Superior, 
Michigan, 
Huron, 
EiuE,  and 
Ontario. 


Mackenzie's, 

CiiURciinx, 

Nelson, 

St.  Lawrence, 


IVfissoTRr, 

\  IlKA  \'SAS, 


COLUMli 


■-7^-"^ 


NORTH  A^IERICA. 


35 


i¥' 


DESCIIIPTI'VE      GEOGRAPHY. 

Lesson  XLI. 

NORTH  a:merica. 

Area- in  square  miles  8,000,000.    Population  40,000,000. 

Boundary. — North  America  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  on  the  east  by  the  At- 
lantic, and  on  the  south  and  west  by  the  Pacific. 

Divisions. — North  America  is  divided  into  Rus- 
sian America,  British  America,  the  United  States, 
Mexico,  Yucatan,  and  Central  America. 

Russian  America.— 

Tljis  division  is  situated 
va,  the  north-west  part  of 
North  America. 

It  is  a  very  cold  coun 


Washington,  the  capital  city,  is  pleasant- 
ly situated  on  the  Potomac  River,  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 

Mexico. — This  is  a  large  country  situat- 
ed south  of  the  United  States,  from  which  it 
is  partly  separated  by  the  Rio  Grande. 

The  climate  of  Mexico  is  very  warm,  and 
the  son  produces  a  great  variety  of  fruits, 
such  as  oranges,  figs,  lemons,  &c.  It  also 
has  many  rich  mines  of  gold  and  sUver. 

Mexico,  the  capital  city,  is  situated  in  a 
delightful  valley  about  half-way  between  the 
Gulf  0^  Mexico  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Yucatan. — This  country  occupies  a  pen- 
insula, situated  south-east  of  Mexico.  The 
climate,  like  that   of  Mexico,  is  very  warm. 


•  1-  1--J.  J   1      T   T       IMerida  is  the  capital  city, 
try,  inhabited  by  Indians  ^  *' 


and  Esquimaux,  who  sub- 
sist chiefly  by  hunting  and 
fishing. 

British   America.— 

This  is  a  very  large  coun- 
try, situated  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  North  America. 
Aa  American  Indian.     The  climatc  is  vcry  cold,  es- 
pecially in  the  northern  part. 
The   inhabitants   are   ^principally  Indians 
and  Esquimaux.   The  whites  live  in  the  south- 
eastern  portion   of  the   territory,  along  the 
banks  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence.     This  part 
of  British  America  is  called  Canada,  and  the 
inhabitants  are  called  Canadians. 

Ottawa,  on  the  Ottawa  River,  is  the  capital 
city  of  British  America. 

•  The  United  States.— These  States  oc- 
cupy the  middle  portion  of  North  America, 
extending  from  British*America  on  the  north, 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Mexico  on  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 


Questions  on  the  Map  of  Central  America. 

How  is  Guatemala  bounded  ?     Name  the  capital. 

How  is  Honduras  bounded  1  What  city  is  the 
capital  ?     How  is  Nicaragua  bounded  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  ?  How  is  Costa  Rica  bound- 
ed ?     What  city  is  the  capital  of  Costa  Rica  ? 

How  is  San  Salvador  bounded  ?  What  city  is  the 
capital  1    What  ocean  is  west  of  Central  America  ? 

What  sea  east  1     Where  is  Honduras  Bay  ? 

Where  is  Lake  Nicaragua  ?  What  river  is  its  out- 
1^ "?    Into  what  sea  does  it  empty  1 

Central  America. — This  country  hes 
between  Mexico  and  the  Isthmus  of  Darien, 

It  is  divided  into  several  States,  and  is 
,^ted  for  its  warm  climate,  its  numerous  vol- 
qlnoes,  and  its  rich  sUver  mines. 


SOUTH  AMERICA 


D 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


37 


Introductory  Semarks  on  the  Map  of  South  America. 

"We  take  great  pleasure  in  offering  you  another  map  for 
Btiuly,  and  hope  that  you  will  find  it  as  interesting  as  the 
one  you  have  just  learned. 

South  America,  you  will  remember,  is  a  very  lai^e  pen- 
insula, joined  to  North  America  by  the  Isthmus  of  Darien, 
or  Panama. 

These  two  countries,  or  Grand  Divisions,  form  the  West- 
ern, or  as  it  is  often  called,  the  American  Continent. 

Lesson  XLII. 

QUESTIONS     ON     THE     MAP     OF 

SOUTH  AMEEICA, 

Systematically  arranged. 

Ji^hat  countries  are  in  the  northern  part  of  South 
America? 

What  country  is  in  the  eastern  part  1 

What  countries  are  in  the  south-eastern  part  ? 

What  country  forms  the  southern  part  of  South 
America  1 

What  countries  are  in  the  western  part  ? 

What  country  is  north  of  Ecuador  7 

What  city  is  *he  capital  of  New  Granada  ? 

In  what  part  of  New  Granada  is  Bogota  ? 

What  country  lies  east  of  New  Granada  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  that  country  ? 

Is  Caraccas  in  the  northern,  or,  southern  part^ 

Is  it  in  the  interior  of  Venezuela,  or,  very  near  the 
coast? 

What  country  bounds  Venezuela  on  the  east  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  country  in  South  America  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

In  what  part  of  Brazil  is  it  situated? 

Is  Rio  Janeiro  an  inland  city,  or  is  it  situated  on  the 
coast? 

In  what  direction  from  Brazil  is  Uruguay  ? 

Wliat  city  is  the  capital  of  Uruguay  ? 

How  is  Montevideo  situated  ? 

What  coimtry  bounds  Uruguay  on  the  west  ? 

What  other  names  are  sometimes  given  to  La  Plata  ? 
Buenos  Ayres,  or  the  Argentine  Kepublic. 

What  ocean  bounds  La  Plata  on  the  south-east  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  La  Plata  ? 
On  the    bank  of  what  river  is  Buenos  Ayres  sit- 
ii%a?  __        _       

What  country  bounds  La  Plata  on  the  south? 


Has  Patagonia  any  capital  city  ? 

What  country  bounds  La  Plata  on  the  west  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  that  country  ? 

Is  Santiago  on  the  coast  ? 

No ;  it  is  about  sixty  miles  from  the  coast. 

Near  what  range  of  mountains  is  it  situated  ? 

What  ocean  bounds  Chili  on  the  west  ? 


Lesson  XLIII. 

Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  country  lies  north  of  Chili  and  La  Plata  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Bolivia  ? 

In  what  part  of  Bolivia  is  Chuquisaca? 

What  ocean  and  country  bound  Bolivia  on  the 
west? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Peru  ? 

How  is  Lima  situated  ? 

What  country  lies  north  of  Peru  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

What  ocean  bounds  Ecuador  on  the  west  ? 

How  is  Ecuador  bounded  on  the  east  ? 

What  country  is  on  the  north  of  Ecuador  ? 

In  what  part  of  South  America  is  Paraguay  ? 

What  countries  lie  west  of  Paraguay  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Paraguay  is  Brazil  ? 

What  city  Is  the  capital  of  Paraguay  ? 

On  what  river  is  the  capital  city  situated  ? 

On  which  side  of  that  river  ? 

Does  Paraguay  border  on  the  coast  ? 

Do  all  the  other  countries  of  South  America  have  a 
sea-coast  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Peru  from  Brazil  ? 

What  countries  are  north  of  Brazil  ? 

Which  city  is  farther  north,  Bogota  or  Caraccas  ? 

What  two  countries  are  south  of  Bolivia  ? 

Is  La  Plata,  or  Chili  farther  west  ? 

Which  country  in  South  America  is  situated  farthest 
south? 

What  one  lies  farthest  north-west  ? 

What  one  lies  farthest  east? 

Which  are  the  capital  cities  of  South  -i\jnerica  ? 

B.,  C,  Rio  J.,  M.,  B.,  S.,  C,  L.,  Q.  and  A. 

How  is  each  situated  ?  • 

Bogota,  is  situated  in  the  central  part  of 
New  Granada. 

Caraccas,  near  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

Eio  Janeiro,  on  Kio  Janeiro  Bay. 


38 


CORNELL'S  PRDLAHY  GEOGRAPHY. 


,    Rio  JASEiRa, 
This  city,  the  Capital  of  Brazil,  Is  finely  situated  on  tho  west  side  of  Kio  Janeiro  Bay     It  is  the  most  Important  seaport  in  South  America. 


Montevideo,  on  the  nortli  bank  of  tlie  Kio 
de  la  Plata. 
Buenos  Ayres,  on  the  Kio  de  la  Plata. 
Santiago,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Chili. 
Chuquisaca,  in  the  southern  part  of  Bolivia. 
Lima,  near  the  Pacific  coast. 
Quito,  inland. 
Assumption,  on  the  Paraguay  Kiver. 


Lesson  XLIV. 

Kap  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  island  is  north  of  Venezuela  ? 
Wliat  island  is  near  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  ? 
AVhat  group  of  islands  is  east  of  Patagonia? 
In  what  ocean  are  those  islands  ? 
"What  island  lies  south  of  Patagonia? 
What  islands  lie  west  of  Chili  ? 
Between  what  two  oceans  does  the  Island  of  Terra 
del  Fucgo  lie  ? 
What  strait  separates  this  island  from  Patagonia  ? 


The  Strait  of  Magellan. 

In  what  ocean  are  the  Islands  of  Juan  Fernandez  ? 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  South  America  ? 

What  is  a  Peninsula  ? 

What  waters  nearly  surround  South  America  ? 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  Patagonia  ? 

What  waters  nearly  surround  it  ? 

What  isthmus  is  .in  the  northern  part  of  New  Gra 
nada? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  northern  coast  of  Souths 
America  ? 

Which  is  the  most  easterly  cape  in  South  America'? 

Which  is  the  most  southerly  ? 

If  you  •will  look  upon  the  map  you  will  observe  a  very  pmall  Island 
south  of  Terra  del  P'uego.  It  is  called  Hermit  Island.  Cape  Horn  pro- 
jects from  its  southern  coast 

On  what  island  is  Oape  Horn  ? 

Where  is  Hermit  Island  ? 

What  cape  is  the  most  westerly  in  South  America  ? . 

Name  the  northern,  eastern,  southern,  and  western 
capes  of  South  America 

What  range  of  jnountains  in  Brazil? 

In  what  part  of  Brazil  ? 

What  range  of  mountains  extends  along  the  entire 
western  coast  of  South  America  ? 


E>'c:UCISES  ON  THE  ilAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


Lesson  XLV. 

Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

"What  ocean  is  east  of  South  America  ? 

What  ocean  west  ? 

"What  sea  is  north  of  New  Granada? 

"What  bay  indents  the  northern  shore  of  the  Isthmus 
of  Darien? 

To  what  sea  is  that  bay  tributary  ? 

"What  bay  is  east  of  Brazil  ? 

What  bay  is  east  of  Patagonia  ? 
-  ■  JWhat  gulf  is  west  of  Ecuador  ? 

Whfere  is  the  Strait  of  JIagellan  1 

"What  lake  is  in  Venezuela  ? 
'     In  what  part  of  Venezuela  is  Lake  Maracaybo? 

What  lake  lies  partly  in  Peru  and* partly  in  Bolivia'? 

What  river  is  in  Venezuela  1 

In  what  part  of  Brazil  is  the  Amazon  ? 

Describe  that  river. 

Into  what  river  do  the  Madeira  and  Xingu  Rivers 
empty  ? 

What  course  does  the  Madeira  flow  ? 

Which  of  those  rivers  empty  into  the  Amazon  nearest 
its  mouth  ? 

What  river  is  east  of  the  Xingu  1 

Into  what  river  does  the  Tocantins  empty  ? 

It  empties  into  a  river  that  runs  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Amazon  round  the  south  side  of 
Joannes  Island.     It  is  called  Para  Kiver. 

In  what  country  of  South  America  does  the  Madeira 
River  pse  7 

Do  the  Xingu  and  Tocantins  Rivers  rise  in  Bolivia? 

Describe  the  St.  Francisco  River. 

Into  what  river  does  the'  Parana  flow  ? 

Into  what  ocean  does  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  empty  ? 

Of  what  river  is  the  Paraguay  a  branch  ?     P. 

What  course  does  the  Paraguay  flow  ? 

In  what  division  of  South  America  do  these  rivers 
•rise?  • 


L€sson  XLYI. 


Map  Questions— Promiscuotifily  arranged. 


"What  countries  lie  north  of  Brazil  ? 
Which  is  farther  east,  Venezuela  or  Guiana  ? 
"What  ocean  is  east  of  Brazil  ? 
Where  is  St.  George's  Bay  ? 
To  what  ocean  is  it  tributary  ? 
What  sea  is  north  of  South  America  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Maracaybo  ? 
What  is  a  lake  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Peru  from  Bolivia  ? 
Which  is  farther  north,  Peru  or  Eoiador  ? 
Ecuador,  or  New  Granada  ? 
New  Granada,  or  Venezuela  ?    N.  G. 
What  city  is  the  capital  of  Bolivia? 
Which  city  is  farther  east.  Chuquisaca  or  Buenos 
Ayres? 


"^Vhat  ritv  i-  :' 
Mention  the  ri. 


f  Brazil  ? 
ith  America. 


Which  one  is  the  longest  ? 


Grand  Square,  Baenos  Ayrta, 

On  what  river  is  Buenos  Ayres  situated  ? 

What  river  empties  into  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  ? 

Into  what  body  of  water  does  the  Rio  de  la  Plata 
empty  ? 

What  is  that  part  of  a  river  called  where  it  empties 
into,  or  unites  with  another  body  of  water  ? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  eastern  coast  of  Brazil  ? 

What  bay  is  east  of  Brazil  ? 

What  large  river  crosses  the  northern  part  of  Brazil  ? 

What  course  does  it  flow  ? 

In  what  range  of  mountains  does  it  rise  ? 

In  what  country  ? 

In  what  direction  from  South  America  is  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  7 

What  three  countries  are  in  the  northern  part  of 
South  America  ? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  western  part  of  Peru  ? 

Into  what  body  of  water  does  it  project  ? 

What  group  of  islands  lies  east  of  Patagonia  ? 

Where  is  Brazil  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Brazil  is  Uruguay  ? 

Which  is  an  inland  coimtry,  Uruguay  or  Paraguay  ? 


40 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


BtTENOS  AtRKS. 

The  above  view  of  the  city  is  taken  from  the  water,  looking  sontli-west  In  the  foreground  is  a  fort,  which  was  bviilt  very  many  years  ago  by 
the  Spaniards.  It  Is  now  occupied  by  tlie  Department  of  State,  and  the  Departments  of  Treasury  and' War.  The  churches,  some  of  whose  steeples 
and  domes  you  see,  lie  a  little  distance  beyond. 


Lesson  XLVII. 

Map  Questions— PromiscuoBsly  arranged. 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  New  Granada? 
"Which  is  the  largest  country  of  South  America  ? 

Which  is  the  smallest  ?    U y. 

In  what  part  of  Uruguay  is  the  capital  situated  ? 
On  what  river  is  the  city  of  Assumption "? 
Of  what  country  is  it  the  capital  ? 
What  group  of  Islands  lies  west  of  Chili  ? 
Of  what  country  is  Santiago  the  capital  ? 
IIow  are  South  and  North  America  connected  ? 
In  what  part  of  South  America  is  that  isthmus  1 
What  country  bounds  Ecuador  on  the  north  ? 
What  country  is  cast  of  New  Granada? 
Where  is  the  city  of  Bogota? 
Is  Bogota,  or  Quito  tho  more  northerly  ? 
Where  is  the  Island  of  Terra  del  Fuego  ? 
What  island  is  south  of  it  ? 
AVhat  cajx;  projects  from  that  island? 
What  cape    is  tho  most   northerly  one    in  South 
America  ? 


Is  Cape  St.  Roque  an  easterly,  or  a  westerly  cape  of 
South  America  ? 

What  country  bounds  Venezuela  on  the  east  ? 

How  is  Guiana  bounded  on  the  north  ? 

Where  is  the  city  of  Rio  Janeiro  ? 

AVhat  two  rivers,  in  Brazil,  empty  into  the  Amazon  ? 

Are  they  northern  branches  of  the  Amazon  ? 

Is  the  Amazon  a  branch  of  any  river  ? 

What  river  empties  into  the  Para  River?     T. 

What  country  bounds  Peru  on  the  north  ? 

Is  Quito,  or  Lima  the  capital  of  Ecuador  ? 

Where  is  Lake  Titicaca? 

What  ocean  bounds  South  America  on  the  west  ? 

In  what  part  of  South  America  is  New  Granada  ? 

Where  is  the  Island  of  Trinidad  ? 

Where  are  the  Andes  Mountains  ? 

What  body  of  water  is  south  of  Patagonia  ? 

Where  are  the  Brazilian  Mountains  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  river  of  South  America  ? 

What  is  a  river  ? 

What  countries  bound  La  Plata  on  the  east? 

Where  is  the  Orinoco  River  ? 

What  course  does  it  flow  ? 

Where  is  the  St.  Francisco  River  ? 

Describe  it. 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA,                                                    41 

.ffilllOBI'g   IIB. 

>- 

CONTENTS  OF  THE  MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Lesson  XLVIII. 

The  Capes  are :  — 

Gallinas, 

St.  Roque, 

The  Countries  of  South  America 

Horn,  and 
Blanco, 

New  Granada, 
Venezuela, 
Guiana, 
Brazil, 

The  Mountain  Ranges  are: 

Brazilian  and 
Andes. 

J.                                Uruguay, 
La  Plata, 

Patagonla, 
Chili, 

Lesson  XLIX. 

Bolivia, 
Peru 

The  Oceans  that  wash  the  coasts  of 

Ecuador,  and 
.    Paraguay. 

South  America  are :  — 

Atlantic  and 
PAcma 

Tlie  Capital  Cities  of  tlie  Countries 
of  South  America  are:  — 

Bogota, 

The  Sea  is:— 

Caribbean. 

Caraccas,                                                                                                                             1 
Rio  Jvneiro                       "^^  ^"^^  "°*^  -^"y^  °^  South  Amer-                                         1 

Montevideo, 
Buenos  Aykes, 
Santiago, 

Chuquisaca,  or  Sucre. 
Lima, 

ica  are :  — 

Daeien, 

All  Saints, 

St.  George's,  and 

Guayaquil. 

Quito,  and 
Assumption. 

The  Strait  is;    -                                 Magalhakns  or 

Magellan. 

The  Islands  near  the  coast  are :  — 

Trinidad, 
Joannes, 
Falkland  Isles, 

The  Lakes  are :  -                                Maracaybo,  and 

TmcACA. 

The  Rivers  are :  — 

Terra  del  Fuego,  and 

Orinoco, 

Juan  Fernandez. 

Amazon, 

The  Peninsulas  are :  —                            • 

Xingu, 

South  America  and 

Toc*vnN8, 

1                                                              Patagonia. 

St.  Francisco, 

* 

Thf  Isthmus  is : 

Parana,  and 

Daeien. 

Paraguay. 

42 


CORNELL'S  PRBIARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


DESCRIPTIVE     GEOGRAPHY. 

Lesson  L. 
SOUTH    AMERICA. 

Area  in  square  miles,  6.500,000.    Population,-17,000,000. 


Animals  of  America. 

Boundary. — South  America  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  on  the  east  by  the  At- 
lantic, on  the  south  by  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  and 
on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Political  Divisions. — The  chief  political  divis- 
ions of  South  America  are  New  Granada,  Venezuela, 
Guiana,  Brazil,  Uruguay,  La  Plata,  Patagonia, 
Chili,  Bolivia,  Peru,  Ecuador,  and  Paraguay, 

New  Granada  comprises  the  north-west 
part  of  South  America,  including  the  Isthmus 
of  Darien,  or  Panama.  The  climate  is  hot, 
except  on  the  elevated  table-lands.  Gold  and 
precious  stones  are  found  in  this  country  in 
large  quantities.  ' 

The  capital  city  is  Bogota. 

Venezuela  is  situated  in  the  northern 
part  of  South  America,  east  of  New  Granada. 

A  great  part  of  this  country  consists  of  a 
vast  plain,  covered  with  tall  herbage,  which 
affords  sustenance  for  immense  lierds  of  horses, 
oxen,  and  mules.     " 

The  capital  city  of  Venezuela  is  Caraccas. 


Guiana  is  situated  in  the  northern  part 
of  South  America,  east  of  Venezuela,  and  north 
of  Brazil. 

The  climate  is  hot,>and  the  soil  produces 
a  great  variety  of  excellent  fruits ;  also  sugar, 
coffee,  cotton,  and  spices. 

Brazil,  the  largest  division  of  South  Amer- 
ica, is  situated  in  the  eastern  part. 

This  country  possesses  a  warm,  but  de- 
lightful climate,  and  is  noted  for  its  many 
valuable  hard  wood  trees, — such  as  mahogany, 
rose-woods,  dye-woods,  &c.  ;  also  for  its  mines 
of  gold  and  silver.  Diamonds  and  other  pre- 
cious stones  are  found  in  considerable  quan- 
tities. 

The  forests  of  Brazil  abound  with  alhga- 
tors,  lizards,  tigers,  mOnkeys  and  parrots. 

Rio  Janeiro  is  the  capital  of  Bi-azil.  It 
is  a  large  city,  and  is  beautifully  situated  on 
the  west  side  of  the  harbor,  or  bay  of  Kio 
Janeiro. 

Uruguay  is  a  very  smaU  division  of  South 
America,  situated  south  of  Brazil. 

The  climate  is  healthy  and  delightful. 
A  large  part  of  tliis  country  consists  of  grassy 
plains,  called  pampas. 

Montevideo,  the  capital  city,  is  situated 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata. 


Lesson  LI. 

SOUTH  AMEEICA— Continued.  ( 

La  Plata,  or  Buenos  Ayres,  a  large 
division  Of  South  America,  is  situated  south 
of  Bolivia  and  -cast  of  Chili. 

This  country  is  noted  for  its  immense 
herds  of  wild  cattle,  and  for  its  vast  plains, 
called  pampas. 

Buenos  Atres  is  the  capital  city. 

v 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


43 


Lima,  CJoxveut  Squake 


Patagonia  is  the  mdst  soutlierly  division 
of  South  America. 

It  is  a  cold  and  uncultivated  region,  in- 
habited by  Indians,  and  but  little  known. 

Patagonia  has  no  capital  city. 

Chili,  a  long  narrow  extent  of  country,  is 
situated  in  the  western  part  of  South  America. 

The  climate  is  pleasant  and  healthy. 

This  country  contains  many  mines  of  gold 
and  silver,  and  it  is  noted  for  its  numerous 
volcanoes  and  frequent  earthquakes. 

The  capital  citylfe  Santiago. 

Bolivia  lies  in  the  western  part  of  South 
^Agierica,  north  of  La  Plata. 

"'Ift  possesses  a  very  warm  climate,  and  is 
irticularly  noted  for  its  rich  silver  mines. 
Chuquisaca  is  the  capital  city. 

Peru  is  situated  in  the  western  part  of 
■lerica.     The  climate  is  hot,  and  the 
s  frequently  visited  by  violent  earth- 
li  k-3. 


Peru  is  distinguished  for  the  abundance 
of  its  precious  metals. 

Lima,  the  capital,  is  the  most  beautiful 
city  of  South  America. 

Ecuador,  a  western  division  of  South 
America,  lies  between  New  Granada  on  the 
north,  and  Peru  on  the  south. 

The  climate  is  hot  and  unhealthy,  except 
among  the  mountains,  where  it  is  mild  and 
salubrious.  It  is  noted  for  its  high  mountains, 
some  of  which  are  volcanoes. 

The  capital  city  is  Quito. 

Paraguay,  a  small  inland  country  of 
South  America,  is  situated  west  of  Bra2dl,  and 
east  of  Bolivia  and  La  Plata. 

A  noted  production  of  Paraguay  is  the 
yerha  maU,  the  leaf  of  which  is  prepared  sim- 
ilariy  to  the  tea  we  use.  It  is  called  Para- 
gumj  Tea,  and  is  a  common  drink  in  some  of 
the  countries  of  South  America. 


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46 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


St.  PETEESBtTEG. 

But  a  small  portion  of  the  city  is  shown  iu  the  iiicture.    The  bridge  which  fou  see,  crosses  the  river  Neva. 


Lesson  LIV. 


Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

In  what  direction  is  Prussia  from  Denmark  ? 
Prussia  from  Russia  ? 
Prussia  from  Austria  ? 
AVhat  city  is  the  capital  of  Prussia  ? 
What  country  divides  Prussia  ? 
Germany. 

What  country  is  cast  of  Eastern  Prussia  ? 
"What  two  countries  are  west  of  Western  Prussia? 
Belgium  and  Holland. 

What  country  lies  between  France  and  Austria,  di- 
rectly north  of  Italy  ?     S. 
What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Switzerland  from  Germany  1 
Germany  from  Denmark  ? 
What  sea  lies  Mcst  of  Denmark? 
'N\^at  country  lies  west  of  that  sea  ?     E. 
What  city  is  the  capital  of  England? 
In  what  part  of  England  is  London  ? 
What  country  bounds  England  on  the  north  ? 
What  ocean  is  west  of  Scotland  ? 
What  .sea  east  ? 
What  city  is  the  capital  of  Scotland  ? 


On  what  natural  division  of  land  are  Scotland.  Eng- 
land, and  \7ales  situated  ? 

An  Island. 


These  three  countries  are  situated  upon  an  island. 
Island  of  Great  Britain. 


It  is  called  the 


In  what  direction  from  England  is  Ireland  ? 
What  city  is  the  capital  of  Ireland  ? 
What  are  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  other  islands  in 
the  vicinity  called  ? 
The  British  Isles. 

Which  are  the  capital  cities  of  Europe  ?     S.,  P.,  C.,  A., 
v.,  R.,  P.,  M.,  L.,  B.,  IL,  F.,  C,  B.,  Be.,  E.,  L.  &  D. 
IIow  is  each  situated  ? 

Stockholm  is  situated  on  Lake  Malar. 
St.  Petersburg  on  the  Neva  River. 
Constantinople  on  Bosphorus  Strait. 
Athens  near  the  gulf  of  iEgina. 
Vienna  on  the  Danube  Eiver. 
Rome  on  the  Tiber  River. 
Paris  on  the  Seine  River. 
Madrid  on  the  Manzanares  River. 
Lisbon  on  the  Tagus  River. 
Brussels  on  the  Scnne  Eiver.  >^ 

Hajme  near  the  North  Sea. 


EXERCISES  ON  TIIE  MAP  OF  EUROPE 


47 


'^r^iiiffiii't'''    '^  •-■^ 


'"^■^^ 


TnE  Empekoe's  Palace,  St.  Petersbukq. 


Frankfort  on  tKe  Main  Kiver.     • 
Copenhagen  on  the  Island  of  Zealand. 
Berlin  on  the  Spree  Kiver. 
Berne  on  the  Aar  Kiver. 
Edinburgh  near  the  Frith  of  Forth. 
London  on  the  Thames  River. 
Dublin  on  the  Liffey  Kiver. 


Lesson  LV. 


Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  island  is  south-east  of  Greece  ? 

What  group  of  islands  lies  west  of  Greece  and  Tur- 
key? 

In  what  sea  are  these  islands  situated  ? 

Are  the  Ionian  Isles  situated  farther  east  than  the 
Island  of  Candia  ? 

By  what  water  is  the  Island  of  Candia  surrounded  1 

Wliat  island  do  you  find,  sailing  westerly  from  the 
loni.n  Isles  ? 

Ii   what  diivtion  is  Sicily  from  Italy? 

Sftilir*  noi  ili-wi'sfcrlv  fT-nni  Sif^ilv.  what  is  the  first 
island  you  v 

In  wha'i    .  'ftxtiuu  IS  >:irauii;i  iroui  Italy? 


What  island  lies  north  of  Sardinia  ? 

Leaving  the  island  of  Corsica  and  sailing  still  farther 
west,  or  rather  south-west,  what  group  of  islands  do 
you  meet  ? 

In  what  direction  are  the  Balearic  Isles  from  Spain  ? 

In  what  sea  are  all  these  islands  situated  ? 

Passing  out  of  the  Mediterranean  through  the  Strait 
of  Gibraltar,  and  taking  a  northcrlj^,  and  north-easterly 
course,  through  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  what  group  of  isl- 
ands do  you  find? 

The  British  Isles. 

On  what  island  is  Copenhagen  situated  ? 

Where  is  that  island  ? 

What  large  island  lies  north-west  of  the  British 
Isles  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Iceland  from  Norway  ? 

What  peninsula  is  in  the  northern  part  of  Europe  ? 

Norway  and  Sweden  together  form  a  peninsula. 

What  peninsula  is  south  of  Turkey  ?     G. 

What  one  south  of  Switzerland  and  Austria  ?     I. 

In  what  direction  from  France  is  the  Peninsula  of 
Spain  and  Portugal  ? 

What  peninsula  is  north  of  Germany  ?     D. 

Name  the  peninsulas  of  Europe  in  order. 

Norway  and  Sweden,  Greece,  Italy,  Spain 
and  Portugal,  and  Denmark. 

What  cape  north  of  Europe  ? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  southern  coast  of  Greece? 


48 


corej:ll'3  primary  geography. 


St.  Pbtee's,  Eome.  (From  the  Tiber.) 

Look  nt  the  picture,  and  you  will  perceive  that  this  city  lies  on  hotli  sides  of  the  river.    What  is  the  name  of  the  river  T    The  building  in  the 
distance  with  an  immense  dome,  is  St  Peter's  Cathedral,  the  largest  cathedral  in  the  world. 


What  cape  projects  from  the  western  coast  of  Spain  ? 
What  range  of  mountains  between  Norway  and  Swe- 
den? 

Between  Russia  and  Asia  ? 

What  range  in  the  southern  part  of  Russia  ? 

Where  are  the  Alps  ? 

What  range  is  between  Franco  and  Spain  ? 

What  range  in  Austria  ? 

Name  the  moimtain  ranges  of  Europe. 


Lesson  LVI. 

Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  ocean  is  north  of  Europe  ? 

What  one  west  ? 

W^hat  .sea  is  north  of  Russia? 

To  what  ocean  is  that  sea  tributary  ? 

W^hat  sea  is  east  of  Ru.ssia? 

What  seas  are  south  of  Russia  ?    A.  &  B. 

What  large  sea  is  south  of  Europe  ? 

What  sea  lies  between  Turkey  and  Italy? 

"What  sea  lies  between  England  and  Denmark 


What  sea  lies  between  Sweden  and  Russia  ? 

What  sea  is  between  England  ?jQd  Ireland  ? 

What  gulf  south  of  Italy  ? 

What  gulf  south  of  France  ? 

What  bay  is  north  of  Spain  ? 

In  what  direction  is  it  from  Franco  ? 

What  three  gulfs  indent  the  western  shore  of  Russia? 

Which  is  farthest  north  ? 

Which  farthest  south  ? 

What  strait  is  between  Italy  and  Turkey  ? 

What  two  seas  does  that  strait  connect  ? 

What  is  a  fetrait  ? 
.What  strait  is  bctwcealtaly  and  Sicily  ? 

Vhaf  is  Sicily  ?-•  ^   ' 

What  water  surrounds  it  ? 

What  strait  is  south  of  Spain  ? 

With  what  ocean  docs  it  connect  tho  Mediterranean 
Sea? 

What  strait  is  between  France  and  England  ? 

What  two  bodies  of  water  does  Dover  Strait  fjon- 
nect? 

On  which  side  of  the  strait  does  England  lie  1 

What  strait  is  between  Norway  and  Denmark  / 

What  channel  i|  between  F£afia<'attUiir«tA<^i»^HH 

On  which  side  of  the  iliannel  does  Francv  lie? 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  EUROPK 


49 


Paeis.. 
The  above  cut  gives  you  a  very  pretty  view  of  the  City  of  Paris.    It  is  situated  on  boOi  sides  of  a  river.    What  la  the  namer  of  the  river  f 


Lesson  LYII. 

Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  two  lakes  are  in  Eussia? 

Which  is  farther  north,  Lake  Ladoga  or  Lake  Onega  ? 
AVhat  river  empties  into  the  AVhite  Sea  1 
AYhat  course  does  it  flow  ? 
What  river  east  of  the  Dwina  ? 
Into  what  body  of  water  does  it  empty  ? 
In  what  mountains  does  it  rise  ? 
What  two  rivers  empty  into  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 
Wliich  one  is  farther  cast  ? 
Describe  the  Ural. 
What  com^e  does  the  Volga  flow  ? 
What  river  empties  into  the  Sea  of  Azov  1 
In  what  part  of  Russia  does  the  Don  rise  ? 
What  river  flows  into  the  northern  part  of  the  Black 
Sea? 
Describe  the  Dnieper. 

What  river  empties  into  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  west  ? 
In  what  country  docs  the  Danube  have  its  source  ? 
What  course  does  it  flow  ? 
What  river  crosses  Northern  Italy  ? 
Into  what  sea  docs  that  river  empty  ? 
l>ow  it  flow  »tt  ««8torl3fy4>r  a  westerly  course  ? 
What  river  in  Southern  prance  ? 


Among  what  mountains  does  the  Rhone  rise  ? 

Into  what  gulf  does  it  empty  ? 

On  what  river  is  Lisbon  situated  ? 

Describe  that  river. 

What  river  in  France  flows  a  northerly  and  westerly 
course,  and  empties  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  1 

On  what  river  is  Paris  situated  ? ' 

Describe  that  river. 

Describe  the  Rliine  River. 

It  rises  in  tlie  Alps  of  Switzerland,  flows  a 
northerly  and  north-westerly  course,  and  emp- 
ties into  the  North  Sea. 

In  what  country  of  Europe  does  the  Vistula  rise  ? 

Among  what  mountains  ? 

What  course  does  it  flow  ? 

Into  what  sea  does  it  empty  ? 

Is  the  mouth  of  the  Vistula  in  Russia  ? 


Lesson  LVIII. 

Map  Questions— Promiscuonsly  arranged. 

Which  igrthe  largest  country  in  Europe  ? 

"What  rivers  in  Russia  flowtoward  the  Arctic  Ocean  ? 


^r^ 


50 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


Pont  NeuC 
This  is  a  celebrated,  bridge  wliich  connects  an  island  in  the  river 
Seine  witli  both  banlcs  of  the  river.    Tliis  island  was  the  original  site  of 
the  City  of  Paris. 

What  rivers  flow  into  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 

Which  is  the  longest  river  of  Russia  ?    V. 

Where  is  Sweden? 

What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Norway  from  Sweden  1 

North  Sea  from  Norway  ? 

What  countries  are  west  of  that  sea?    S.  &  E. 

Which  one  is  farther  south  ? 

What  country  south  of  England? 

What  gulf  indents  the  southern  shore  of  France  7 

What  river  flows  into  that  gulf? 

Where  does  it  rise  ? 

In  the  Alps  of  Switzerland. 

Does  not  the  Rhine  also  rise  in  Switzerland  ? 

Does  the  Rhine  empty  into  the  Gulf  of  Lyons  ? 

Into  what  does  it  empty  ? 

Where  is  the  Island  of  Sicily  ? 

By  what  strait  is  it  separated  from  Italy  ? 

What  sea  is  north  of  Russia  ? 

Where  Ls  Cape  Matapan  ? 

Into  what  sea  does  that  cape  project  ? 

What  range  of  mountains  in  Austria? 

Where  are  the  Balearic  Isles  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Scotland? 

What  country  bounds  Scotland  on  the  south  ? 

Whore  is  the  North  Sea? 

What  bay  is  west  of  France  ? 

In  what  direction  is  it  from  Spain  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Denmark  ? 

IIow  is  that  city  situated? 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  Denmark  ? 

What  peninsula  lies  north  of  Denmark  ? 

What  strait  lies  between  these  two  peninsulas  ? 

What  gulf  is  east  of  Sweden  ? 


What  gulfs  empty  into  the  Baltic,  south  of  the  Gulf 
of  Bothnia? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Russia  ? 

Where  are  the  Ural  Moimtains  ? 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  Greece  ? 

In  what  direction  does  it  lie  from  Turkey  ? 

From  Italy  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Turkey  ? 

What  river  flows  through  Turkey? 

Describe  that  river. 

What  countries  are  in  the  northern  part  of  Europe  ? 

Lesson  LIX.    • 

Map  Questions— Promiscuously  arranged. 

What  countries  bound  Turkey  on  the  north  ? 

What  countries  bound  Austria  on  the  east  ? 

What  two  countries  are  west  of  Austria  ?     S.  &  Q. 

What  country  west  of  Switzerland  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  France  ? 

Into  what  sea  does  the  River  Don  empty  ? 

What  two  rivers  empty  into  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 

What  two  into  the  Black  Sea  ? 

Of  what  country,  in  Europe,  is  Athens  the  capital  ? 

By  what  water  and  country  is  Italy  boimded  on  the 
west? 

What  river  empties  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  ? 

Through  what  country  does  that  river  flow  ? 

Where  is  the  Adriatic  Sea  ? 

Is  the  Tagus  River  in  France,  or  in  Spain  ? 

Through  what  country  does  it  flow,  after  leaving 
Spain? 

Into  what  ocean  does  it  empty  ? 

What  sea  is  north  of  the  Black  Sea  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  England  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Denmark  from  England  ? 

What  sea  lies  between  ? 

What  country  is  south-east  of  Denmark  ? 

How  is  Prussia  bounded  on  the  east  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Prussia  ? 

Which  is  farther  north,  Berlin  or  Frankfort  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Germany  from  Switzerland? 

In  what  country  is  the  Rhone  River  ? 

Does  it  flow  a  southerly,or  northerly  course  ? 

Among  what  mountains  does  it  rise  1 

In  what  country  ?     S. 

Of  what  country  is  Vienna  the  capital  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Spain  from  France  ? 

In  what  part  of  Spain  is  Madrid  ? 

What  is  Madrid  ? 

Where  is  Belgium  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Belgium  ? 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OP  EUEOPK 


61 


J 


London. 

Only  a  very  small  part  of  the  city  is  shown  In  the  above  cut  The  water  in  the  foreground  of  the  picture  is  the  river  Thames,  on  both 
sides  of  which,  the  city  is  sitaated.  The  large  building  is  St  Paul's  Church,  and  the  bridge  is  called  Blackfriar's  Bridge.  I  would  like  to  have  you 
remember  that  London  is  the  lai^est  city  in  Europe,  and  that  it  is  situated  on  an  island  off  the  coast  of  Continental  Europe. 


Lesson  LX. 

Map  Questions— Promiscuously  arranged. 

In  what  direction  is  Holland  from  Belgium  ? 

What  cotmtry  is  east  of  Holland  ? 

What  sea  is  north  1 

"What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

How  is  Italy  boimded  on  the  north  1 

What  gulf  is  south  of  Italy  1 

Where  is  the  Seine  River  ? 

Into  what  body  of  water  does  it  empty  ? 

Where  is  the  Black  Sea  1 

What  river  runs  into  the  northern  part  of  the  Black 
Sea? 

Where  is  the  Strait  of  Dover  7 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Switzerland  ? 

How  is  Switzerland  bounded  on  the  north  ? 

Where  are  the  British  Isles  1 

What  islands  compose  the  British  Isles  ? 

What  three  countrieti  are  on  the  Island  of  Great  Bri- 
tain? 


What  channel  is  south  of  England  ? 
Where  is  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 
What  country  lies  west  of  England  ? 
What  sea  is  between  Ireland  and  England  ? 
What  city  is  the  capital  of  Ireland  ? 
Into  what  sea  does  the  Volga  River  empty  ? 
What  group  of  islands  south-east  of  Italy  ? 
In  what  direction  are  they  from  Greece  ? 
What  islands  are  west  of  Italy  ? 
Which  is  farther  south,  Corsica  or  Sardinia  ? 
What  cape  is  north  of  Norway  ? 
What  range  of  mountains  in  Norway  ? 
Through  what  countries  does  the  Rhine  flow  ? 
Intb  what  sea  does  it  empty  ? 
What  strait  separates  Europe  from  Africa  ? 
What  two  bodies  of  water  does  it  connect  ? 
Where  is  the  Vistula  River  ? 
Into  what  sea  does  it  empty  ? 
What  country  is  south  of  the  English  Channel  ? 
What  strait  connects  the  Adriatic  Sea  with  the  Med- 
iterranean? 
Where  are  lakes  Ladoga  and  Onega  ? 
What  is  a  lake? 


52 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


IfilllOEI^g   ilB. 

CONTENTS  OF  THE  MAP  OF  EUROPE. 


Lesson  LXI. 


The  Countries  of  Europe  ftre  :- 


NORWAT 

Sweden 

Russia, 

Turkey, 

Greece, 

Austria, 

Italy, 

France 

Spain, 

Portugaa, 

Belgium, 

Holland, 

Germany, 

Denmark, 

Prussia, 

Switzerland, 

Scotland, 

England, 

Wales,  and 

Ireland. 


The  Capital  Cities  of  the  Countries 
of  Europe  are : — •  Stockholm, 

St.  Petersburg, 

Constantinople, 

Athens, 

Vienna, 

Rome, 

Paris, 

JIadrid, 

Lisbon, 

Brusseis, 

Hague, 

Frankfort, 

Copenhagen,  ♦ 

Berlin, 

Berne, 

Edinburgh, 

London,  and 

DCBUN. 


The  Islands  near  the  coast  are : — 


The  Peninsulas  of  Europe  are : 


Candia, 
Ionian  Isles, 
Sicily, 
Sardinia, 
Corsica, 
Balearic  Islxb, 
British  Islks, 
Zealand,  and 
Iceland. 

Norway  and  Sweden, 

Greece, 

Italy, 

Spain  and  Portugal, 

Denmark. 


The  Capes  are : — 

North, 
Matapan,  and 

The  Mountain  Ranges  are: — 

Finisterre. 

DOVREFIELD, 

Ural, 

Caucasus, 

Alps, 

Pyrenees  and 

Carpathian. 

Lesson  LXIL 

The  Oceans  that  wash  the  coasts 

Arctic,  and 

of  Europe,  are : — 
The  Seas  are: — 

Atlantic. 

White, 

Caspian, 

Azov, 

Black, 

Mediterranean, 

Adriatic, 

■  North, 

Baltic,  and 

TQie  Gulfs  and  Bays 

of  Europe 

Irish. 

are: — 

Taranto, 

t 

Lyons, 
Biscay, 
Riga, 
Finland,  and 

The  Straits  are; — 

Bothnla. 

Otranto, 

Messina, 

Gibualtab, 

Dover,  and 

The  Channelis: — 
The  Lakes  are:— 

Skagee  Rack. 

English 

Ladoga,  and 

The  Rivers  are:  — 

Onega. 

DwiNA, 

Petcuora, 

Ural, 

Volga, 

Don, 

Dnieper, 

Danube, 

Po, 

Rhone, 

Tagus, 

Loire, 

Seine, 

Rhine,  and 

Vistula. 

EUROPE. 


63 


DESCRIPTIVE     GEOGRAPHY. 

Lesson  LXIII. 
EUROPE. 

Area  in  square  miles,  3,700,000.  Population.  260,000.000. 


Animals  of  Europe. 

Boundary. — Europe  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
the  Arctic  Ocean,  on  the  east  by  Asia  ^d  the  Cas- 
pian Sea,  on  the  south  by  the  Black  and  Mediterra- 
nean Seas,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Political  Divisions. — The  chief  political  divi- 
sions of  Europe  are  Norway,  Sweden,  Russia,  Tur- 
key, Grreece,  Austria,  Italy,  France,  Spain,  Portu- 
gal, Belgium,  Holland,  Germany,  Denmark,  Prussia, 
Switzerland,  Scotland,  England,  and  Ireland. 

Norway  occupies  the  western  portion  of  a 
large  peninsula  in  the  northern  part  of  Europe. 

The  climate  is  very  cold  during  the  great- 
er part  of  the  year. 

l^Torway  is  a  rugged  and  mountainous 
country,  and  a  large  portion  of  its  surface  is 
covered  with  forests. 

Sweden  occupies  the  eastern  portion  of 
a  large  peninsula  of  northern  Europe. 

The  climate  resembles   that  of  Norway, 
he  surface  of  the  country  is  generally  flat, 
d  abounds  in  lakes  and  rivers. 


/{ 


Stockholm,  the  capital  city  of  both  Swe- 
den and  Norway,  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
Lake  Malar. 

Russia,  the  largest  division  of  Europe,  is 
situated  in  the  north-eastern  part. 

The  climate  in  the  northern  part  of  Kus- 
sia  is  very  cold,  but  in  the  southern  part  it  i^ 
more  mild. 

The  surface  of  the  country  is  generally 
level,  and  it  contains  many  sandy  deserts  call- 
ed steppes. 

St.  Petersburg  is  the  capital  city. 

Turkey  is  situated  in  the  southern  part 
of  Europe. 

The  climate  is  temperate  and  healthy,  and 
the  soU  produces  a  great  variety  of  delicious 
fruits. 

The  capital  city  is  Constantinople. 

Greece  is  a  small  peninsula  of  southern 
Europe,  situated  south  of  Turkey. 

The  climate  and  productions  are  similar  to 
those  of  Turkey. 

Athens  is  the  capital  city. 

Austria  is  a  large  division  of  Central  Eu- 
rope. 

The  climate  is  pleasant,  and  the  mineral 
productions  of  the  country  are  numerous ; 
such  as  salt,  coal,  copper,  quicksilver,  and  iron. 

Vienna,  the  capital  of  Austria,  is  a  large 
and  beautiful  city. 

Lesson  LXIV. 

Europe— contiiiued. 

Italy  occupies  an  important  peninsula  in 
the  southern  part  of  Europe. 

This  country  is  noted  for  its  delightful  f" 
mate,  its  beautiful  scenery,  and  its  fertile  ooil. 
which  yields  a  great  variety  of  delicious  fn   r' ; 
such  as  oranges,  figs,  dates,  etc. 

EoME  is  the  capital  city  of  a  pa^  of  r.i.' 


54 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


Dublin. 

Here  we  liavo  a  very  fine  view  of  the  capital  city  of  Ireland.    This  city  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Liffey.    The  large  building 
fronting  the  water  is  the  Custom-IIouse,  and  the  bridge  on  the  right  of  the  picture,  crosses  the  river  Liffey. 


France  is  a  very  large  and  important 
country  of  Western  Europe. 

The  climate  is  temperate  and  delightful. 

France  is  much  celebrated  for  the  manu- 
facture of  silks,  woollens,  brandy  and  wines. 

Paris,  the  capital,  is  a  very  large  and  ele- 
gant city.  It  is  the  largest  city  in  Europe 
next  to  London. 

Spain  lies  south  of  France,  from  which  it 
is  separated^by  the  Pyrenees  Mountains. 

It  is  the  most  mountainous  country  in  Eu- 
rope except  Switzerland  and  Norway.  The 
climate  is  exceedingly  mild. 

The  capital  city  is  Madrid.  The  palaces 
and  other  public  buildings  of  this  city  are 
sjjlendid. 

Portugal  is  a  small  division  of  Europe, 
situated  west  of  Spain. 

The  climate  is  hkc  that  of  Spain.  The 
country  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  wines. 

Lisbon  is  the  capital  city. 


Belgium  is  a  very  small  division  of  Eu- 
rope, north-east  of  France  and  west  of  Prussia. 

It  is  said  to  be- a  beautiful  country,  possess- 
ing a  fertile  soil,  which  is  highly  cultivated. 

The  capital  city  of  Belgium  is  Brussels. 

Holland  is  a  small  country  of  Europe, 
situated  north  of  Belgium, 

It  is  noted  for  its  numerous  canals. 

The  capital  city  is  Hague,  situated  four 
miles  from  the  North  Sea. 

Germany  is  an  extensive  country,  situat- 
ed in  the  central  part  of  Europe. 

It  comprises  many  different  States,  each 
of  which  has  a  capital  city. 

The  capital  of  Germany  is  Frankfort. 

Lesson  LXV. 

EUROPE— continued. 

Denmark  occupies  a  small  peninsula 
nortli  of  Germany.  It  is  quite  a  level  coun- 
try, and  the  climate  is  moist  but  healthy. 


EUROPE. 


Copenhagen,  the  capital  city,  is  situated 
on  the  Island  of  Zealand. 

Prussia,  an  important  division  of  Central 
Europe,  is  divided  into  two  parts.  West 
Prussia  borders  on  the  Rhine,  and  East  Prus- 
sia extends  from  Germany  on  the  west,  to 
Russia  on  the  east. 

Berlin,  situated  in  East  Prussia,  is  the 
capital  city. 


-11  B  R  I  T  I  SJ_LSj.  ES^ 


A  Scene  in  Switzerland. 

It  is  noted  as  beinsr 


the 


\  Switzerland 
.,  is  a  small  coun- 
try,   situated   in 
Central    Europe, 
most  mountainous 


division  of  Europe,  and  abounds  in  wild  and 
romantic  scenery. 

Its  lakes  thougli  small  are  very  beautiful. 

Berne,  one  of  th^^  capital  cities  of  Switzer- 
land, is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  river  Aar. 


V  ox* 

^Wcsterailslf" 


Questions  on  the  Map  of  the  Britisli  Islea. 

Mention  the  countries  of  the  British  Isles. 
Mention  the  capital  cities. 

In  ^  hat  part  of  Scotland  is  Dundee  ?    Glasgow  1 
Where   is   Portsmouth?    Liverpool?     Manchester? 
Birmingham?     In  what  part  of  Ireland  is  Belfast  ? 
In  what  part  is  Cork  ?    Where  are  the  Orkney  Isles  ? 
The  Hebrides  ?    What  ocean  is  west  of  Ireland  ? 
W' hat  sea  east  of  England  ?    Where  is  the  Irish  Sea  ? 
The  English  Channel  ?     The  North  Channel  ? 
St.  George's  Channel  ?   Where  is  the  Strait  of  Dover? 
Describe  the  Thames  Eiver.    Describe  the  Shannon. 

Scotland  occupies  the  northern  part  of 
Lhe  Isle  of  Great  Britain. 

Edinbukgh  is  noted  foj.  its  elegant  streets, 
and  its  many  fine  pubhc  buildings. 

England,  a  very  important  country  of 
Europe,  is  situated  on  the  Isfand  of  Great 
Britain,  south  of  Scotland. 

London,  the  capital  city,  is  the  largest 
and  richest  city  in  the  world. 

Wales  is  a  small  country  lying  west  of 
England.  It  is  very  mountainous  and  abounds 
in  picturesque  scenery. 

Ireland  occupies  one  entire  island,  situat- 
ed west  of  Great  Britain. 

Dublin,  the  capital  city,  is  finely  situated 
on  both  sides  of  the  river  Liffey.  It  is  noted 
for  the  beauty  and  magnificence  of  some  of  its 
streets  and  public  edifices.        >> 


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o  n, 


■*^    ft 


.^t 


^ 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


PKKEf. 

By  the  drawing  hare  given,  jOn  loam  that  the  city  fa  Indosed  hj  a  wall  This  -wall  Is  much  higher  than  It  appears  in  the  picture,  and  Is  entcrea 
bj  sixteen  gates.  ' 


In  what  direction  is  Siam  from  Birmah  ? 
Ilindostan  from  Thibet  ? 

What  country  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Arc- 
tic Ocean  ? 
What  one  is  bounded  south  by  the  Sea  of  Arabia  ? 
What  one  is  bounded  west  by  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 
What  one  is  bounded  north  by  the  Black  Sea  ? 
What  one  is  bounded  west  by  the  Red  Sea  ? 


Lesson  LXVIII. 

Map  Qaestiona— SyBtematically  arranged^ 

What  island  is  north-east  of  Chinese  Tartary  ? 
What  group  of  islands  lies  east  of  the  Chinese  Em- 
pire? 

What  water  is  west  of  Saghalien  Island  ? 

What  waters  surround  the  Japan  Islands  ? 

What  group  of  islands  south  of  the  Japan  Isles  ? 

What  waters  surround  those  islands  ? 

Is  the  Chinese  Sea  east,  or  west  of  those  islands? 

What  island  is  south  of  the  Philippine  Isles  ? 

What  island  is  west  of  Celebes  ? 

What  island  south  of  the  Malay  Peninsula  ? 

What  island  south  of  Ilindostan  ? 

What  peninsula  is  in  the  eastern  part  of  Siberia  ? 

What  one  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Chinese  Empire  ? 


What  one  in  the  southern  part  of  Siam  ? 

What  large  peninsula  south  of  Thibet  ? 

What  peninsula  south  of  Turkey  7 

What  two  peninsulas  are  in  the  eastern  part  of  Asia  ? 

What  three  in  the  southern  part  ? 

Which  of  them  extends  farthest  south  ?   . 

Which  one  is  farthest  west  ? 

Which  one  is  west  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal  ? 

What  isthmus  connects  Asia  with  Africa  ? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  northern  coast  of  Asia  ? 

What  cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Kamtchatka  ? 

What  cape  in  the  southern  part  of  Ilindostan  ? 

What  range  of  mountains  in  the  northern  part  of 
Asia? 

Between  what  two  countries  docs  that  range  extend  ? 

What  range  in  the  southern  part  of  Asia  V 


.J^ 


Lesson  LXIX. 

Hap  Qaestions— Systematically  aipnged. 

What  ocean  is  north  of  Asia  ? 

What  ocean  washes  the  eastern  coast  ? 

What  one  is  south  of  Asia  ? 

What  sea  is  east  of  the  Peninsula  of  Kamtchatka  ? 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  ASIA, 


6d 


The  Government  House,  Calcatta. 

What  sea  west  7 

In  what  direction  are  these  two  seas  from  Siberia  ? 
■    What  sea  lies  between  the  Japan  Isles  and  Chinese 
Tartary? 

What  sea  is  west  of  Corea  1 

What  sea  is  east  of  Anam  ? 

What  sea  is  south  of  Beloochistan  ? 

What  country  is  east  of  that  sea  ? 

What  country  is  west  ? 

What  sea  is  west  of  Arabia  ? 

What  sea  is  west  of  Turkey  1 

In  what  direction  from  Turkey  is  the  Black  Sea  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Persia  is  the  Caspian  Sea  1 

What  sea  is  in  the  central  part  of  Independent  Tar- 
tary? 

In  what  direction  is  the  Caspian  Sea  from  Indepen- 
dent Tartary  ? 

What  gulf  indents  the  northern  shore  of  Siberia  ? 

What  gulf  is  east  of  Anam  1 

In  what  direction  from  Siam  is  the  Gulf  of  Siam  1 

What  bay  is  east  of  Hindostan  ? 

In  what  direction  is  it  from  Birmah  ? 

What  gulf  is  between  Arabia  and  Persia  ? 

What  strait  separates  the  Japan  Isles  from  Corea  ? 

What  strait  separates  the  Malay  Peninsula  from  Su 
matra  ? 

What  is  Sumatra  1 

What  is  an  island  ? 

What  strait  is  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  Sea? 

What  two  bodies  of  watei  does  that  strait  connect? 

What  coxmtries  does  it  separate  ? 

Arabia  and  Africa. 

What  channel  is  between  the  Island  of  Saghalien  and 
the  Chi'jese  Empire? 

What  two  seas  does  that  channel  connect  ? 


I  flov 


Lesson  LXX. 

Kap  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  lake  is  in  the  southern  part  of  Siberia  ? 
What  river  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Obe  ? 
In  what  range  of  mountains  does  that  river  rise  ? 
What  course  doce  it  flow?  ^ 

What  river  is  east  of  the  Obe  ?       ^ 
Into  what  body  of  water  does  it  empty  ? 
What  river  runs  from  Lake  Baikal  to  the  Yenesei  ? 
What  river  rises  near  Lake  Baikal  ? 
What  is  the  general  course  of  the  River  Lena? 
Into  what  ocean  does  it  empty  ? 
What  river  empties  into  the  Channel  of  Tartary  ? 
Describe  that  river. 

Into  what  sea  docs  the  Hoang  Ho  empty  ? 
What  river  is  SQinth  of  the  Hoang  Ho  ? 
Describe  that  river. 

Through  what  countries  does  the  Cambodia  River 
flow  ?    T.  C.  and  A. 
Into  what  sea  does  it  empty  ? 
What  river  is  west  of  the  Cambodia  ? 
What  is  the  general  course  of  the  Irrawaddy  ? 
'     Into  what  bay  does  it  empty  ? 

What  river  is  west  of  the  Irrawaddy  ? 
What  river  is  in  the  northern  part  of  Hindostan  ? 
Describe  that  river.   ' 
What  river  runs  between  Hin- 
dostan and  Beloochistan  ? 

What  river  empties  into  the 
Persian  Gulf? 

In  what  part  of  Turkey  docs 
that  river  rise  ? 

Mention  the  rivers  of  Asia  in 
the  proper  order. 

Which  three  empty  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean  ? 

Which  one  empties  into  the 
Yenesei  ? 

Which   three  empty  into  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  ? 

Wliat  course  does  the  Indus 
flow? 

What  river  empties  into   the  Channel  of  Tartary? 
What  river  empties  into  the  China  Sea  ? 
tYhat  river  is  in  Turkey  ? 

Through  what  countries  does  the  Yang-tse-kiang  flow  ? 
Through  what  countries  does  the  Irrawaddy  flow  ? 
Which  rivers  empty  into  bodies  of  water  on  the  north 
of  Asia? 

AVhich  into  bodies  of  water  east  of  Asia  ? 
Which  into  bodies  of  water  south  of  Asia  ? 


A  Chinese. 


60 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


Constantinople. 

Tliis  city  Is  situated  on  the  Sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Strait  of  Bosphorus,  and  presents  an  imposing  appearance,  with  its  numerous  mosques,  cu 
polas,  and  minarets,  and  its  port  crowded  Vith  shii)ping.    Is  tliis  city  in  Europe,  or  In  Asia? 


Lesson  LXXl. 

Map  Questions— Promiscuously  arranged. 
"What  country  is  in  the  northern  part  of  Asia? 
What  three  peninsulas  are  in  the  southern  part  ? 
How  is  the  Chinese  Empire  divided? 
WJiUit  four  rivers  are  in  Siberia  ? 
In  what  mountain  chain  do  they  rise  ? 
Does  the  Angara  rise  in  that  range  ? 
Between  what  countries  is  the  Altay  range  ? 
What  is  a  mountain  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Western  Siberia? 
What  city  is  the  capital  of  Eastern  Siberia  ? 
On  what  river  is  Irkoutsk  situated  ? 
Near  what  lake  ? 

What  island  is  south  of  Ilindostan? 
What  country  is  east  of  Ilindostan? 
■\V''hat  bay  lies  between  Ilindostan  and  Birmah  ? 
Where  is  the  Arabian  Sea  ? 
Of  what  ocean  is  it  a  branch  or  part  ? 
Where  is  the  Arctic  Ocean? 
"W^here  are  the  Himalaya  Mountains? 
What  city  is  the  capital  of  the  Chinese  Empire? 
"What  is  the  northern  part  of  that  empire  called? 
What  is  the  south-eastern  part  called  ? 


if 


What  division  of  the  empire  is  west  of  China  Proper  ? 

What  peninsula  is  in  the  eastern  part  of  Siberia  ? 

What  cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  that  penin- 
sula? 

Where  is  the  Ganges  Piiver  ? 

Does  that  river  empty  into  the  Sea  of  Arabia,  or  into 
the  Bay  of  Bengal  ? 

In  wha*  direction  is  that  bay  from  Birmah  ? 

Where  is  the  Sea  of  Aral  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Independent  Tartary  ? 

In  what  direction  is  that  country  from  Persia  ? 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  Arabia  ? 

What  is  a  peninsula  ? 

What  waters  nearly  surround  Arabia  ? 

Of  what  country  is  Teheran  the  capital  ? 

Is  Teheran  in  the  northern,  or  southern  part  of  Per 
la?    - 


Lesson  LXXIL 

Map  Questions— Promiscuously  arranged. 

Where  is  the  River  Indus  ? 

Among  what  mountains  does  it  have  i  ts  source  ? 

Of  what  two  countries  is  Constantinople  the  capital 


EXERCISES  OX  THE  MAP  OF  ASIA- 


3 


In  which  Turkey  is  it  situated  ? 
What  is  a  river  ? 
Where  is  the  Amoor  River? 
Into  what  body  of  water  does  it  empty  ? 
What  island  lies  east  of  that  channel  ? 
What  seas  are  connected  by  that  channel  ? 
What  is  a  channel  ? 
Where  are  the  Japan  Islands  ? 
What  sea  is  west  of  those  islands? 
Where  is  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 
What  country  is  south  of  Turkey  ? 
What  city  is  the  capital  ? 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  Malacca? 
Into  what  body  of  water  does  the  River  Eu- 
phrates empty  ? 
Where  is  the  Black  Sea? 
Which  is  farther  west,  the  Black  or  Caspian  Sea? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Obe  ? 
What  two  seas  are  east  of  Siberia? 
What  country  bounds  Siberia  on  the  south  ? 
What  bounds  Chinese  Tartary  on  the  west? 
What  bounds  Independent  Tartary  on  the  south  ? 
What  country  is  east  of  Afghanistan  ? 
What  river  is  between  the  two  countries  ? 
What  country  bounds  Thibet  on  the  south  ? 
What  range  of  mountains  lies  between  ? 
What  country  is  east  of  Birmah  ? 
What  east  of  Siam  ? 
What  bounds  Anam  on  the  east  ? 
What  city  is  the  capital  of  Anam  ? 
Where  is  the  Island  of  Borneo  ? 
What  group  of  islands  north-east  of  Borneo  ? 
In  what  ocean  do  the  Philippine  Isles  lie  ? 
What  sea  is  west  of  those  islands  ? 


Lesson  LXXIII. 

Map  Questions— Promiscnously  arranged. 

What  cape  is  in  the  southern  part  of  Hindostan  ? 

Where  is  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  ? 

What  is  an  isthmus  ? 

What  two  countries  does  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  connect? 

Where  is  Cape  North-East  ? 

Into  what  ocean  does  that  cape  project  ? 

Where  is  the  China  Sea  ? 

Where  is  Lake  Baikal  ? 

Where  is  the  Channel  of  Tartaiy  ? 

What  sea  is  south  of  that  channel  ? 

What  country  lies  between  Anam  and  Birmah  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Siam  ? 

What  country  bounds  Turkey  on  the  east  ? 


A  Scene  in  China. 

Persia  on  the  north  ? 

Independent  Tartary  on  the  east  ? 

What  waters  bound  the  Chinese  Empire  on  the  east? 

What  group  of  islands  east  of  the  Chinese  Empire  ? 

What  island  is  east  of  Borneo? 

Which  group  is  farther  south,  the  Japan  or  the  Philip- 
pine Isles? 

Do  Celebes  and  Borneo  belong  to  either  of  these 
groups  ?    No. 

Where  are  the  Altai  Mountains? 

Is  the  Hoang  Ho  River  in  Siberia? 

In  what  country  is  it  ? 

What  other  river  in  China  ? 

Which  is  the  more  southerly  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Birmah  ? 

What  country  lies  west  of  Birmah  ? 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  Hindostan? 

What  waters  nearly  surround  it  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Hindostan  ? 

"W'hat  two  cities  are  the  capitals  of  Afghanistan  ? 

What  ocean  is  east  of  Asia  ? 
'Between  what  two  countries  lies  the  Arabian  Sea? 

Of  what  ocean  is  the  Arabian  Sea  a  branch,  or  part  ? 

Where  is  the  Strait  of  Corea  ? 

^here  is  the  Persian  Gulf? 
here  the  Gulf  of  Siam  ? 

What  three  rivers  empty  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  ? 

Which  country  in  Asia  is  farthest  north  ? 

Which  extends  farthest  east  ? 

Which  farthest  south  ?     India. 

Which  farthest  west  ? 

Which  farthest  south-west  ? 


62 


CORNELL'S  PRBIARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


CONTENTS  OF  THE  MAP  OF  ASIA. 


Lesson  LXXIV. 


The  Coi 


ies  of  Asia  are : 


SiBEEU, 


y  g  £  (  Chinese  Taetaet, 

Jl*  <  China  Pkopee, 
6m  (Thibet, 

{Anam, 
Siam, 
BiKMAH, 
HiNDOSTAN, 

Beloochistan, 
Aeabia, 
Turkey, 
Persia, 

Independent  Taetaet,  & 
Afghanistan. 
The  Capital  Cities  of  the  Countries    • 


of  Asia  are : — 


The  Islands  near  the  Coast  of 
Asia  are : — 


j  Tobolsk, 
I  Irkoctsk, 

Pekin, 

Lassa, 

Hue, 

Bangkok, 

monchabo, 

Calcutta, 

Kelat, 

Mecca, 

Constantinople, 

Teheran, 

Bokhara, 
(Herat,  and 
\  Cabul. 


The  Peninsulas  of  Asia  are  :- 


Saghalien, 
Japan  Isles, 
Philippine  Isles, 
Celebes, 
Borneo, 
SuMATBA,  and 
Cetlon. 

Eahtchatka, 
Corea, 
Malay, 

HiNDOBTAN,  and 
Arabla. 


The  Capes  are : — 


North  East, 
LoPATKA,  and 

COMORIN. 


The  Mountain  Ranges  are : — 

Altai,  and 

HlMALATA. 

The  Oceans  that  wash  the  Coasts 

Arctic, 

of  Asia  are : — 

Pacific,  and 
Indian. 

The  Seas  of  Asia  are : — ■ 

Kamtchatka, 

Ochotsk, 

Japan, 

Yellow, 

China, 

Arabian, 

Red, 

MeDITERRiVNEAN, 

Black, 
Caspian,  and 
Aral. 

The  Gulfs  and  Bays  are:— 

Obe, 

TONQUIN, 

Siam, 

Bengal  and 
Persian. 

The  Straits  are : — 

Corea, 

Malacca,  and 
Bab-el-Mandeb. 

The  Channel  is : — 

Taetaet. 

The  Lake  is : — 

Bajkai. 

The  Rivers  are : — 


The  Isthmus  is : — • 


Suxz. 


Obe, 

Yknesei, 

Angara, 

Lena, 

Auoor, 

HoANG  Ho, 

Yang-tse-Kiano, 

Cambodia, 

Irrawaddt, 

BnAnMAPUTRA, 

Gangls, 
Indus,  and 
Euphrates. 


-M 


ASIA. 


DESCBI'PTIVE      GEOGRAPHY. 

Lesson  LXXV. 
ASIA. 

Area  in  square  miles  16.000.000,  population  450,000,000. 


Animals  of  Asia. 

Boundary . — ^Asia  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  on  the  east  by  the  Pacific,  on  the  south  by  the  In- 
dian, and  on  the  west  by  the  Red  Sea,  Mediterranean  Sea> 
Black  Sea,  Caspian  Sea,  and  Europe. 

Political  Divisions. — ^The  chief  political  divisions  of  Asia 
are  Siberia,  Chinese  Tartary,  China  Proper,  Thibet,  Anam, 
Siam,  Birmah,  Hindostan,  Belooehistan,  Arabia,  Turkey, 
Persia,  Independent  Tartary,  and  Afghanistan. 

Siberia  is  a  very  large  extent  of  country, 
situated  in  the  northern  part  of  Asia. 

The  climate  is  very  cold,  and  the  country 
abounds  in  metals  and  fur-bearing  animals. 

Tobolsk  and  .Irkoutsk  are  the  capital 
cities. 

Chinese  Empire  comprises  Chinese  Tar- 
tary, China  Proper,  and  Thibet. 

The  noted  productions  are  rice,  and  tea. 

Pekin  is  the  capital  of  the  Empire. 

India  comprises  Anam,  Siam,  Birmah,  and 
Hindostan.  These  countries  occupy  two  large 
peninsulas  in  the  southern  part  of  Asia. 


The  chief  productions  of  India  are  dia- 
monds and  other  precious  stones,  spices,  drugs, 
and  a  great  variety  of  valuable  woods.  # 

Belooehistan  is  situated  in  the  southern 
part  of  Asia.     It  abounds  in  sandy  deserts. 
Kelat  is  the  capital  city. 

Arabia  is  a  large  pen- 
insula, situated  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Asia.  It 
consists  chiefly  of  vast 
sandy  deserts,  and  is  inhab- 
ited by  a  wandering  race  of 
people,  called  Arabs. 

The     capital     city    is 
Mecca. 

Turkey  is  situated  in 
the  western  part  of  Asia. 

It  is  a  very  fine  and  ^<^ 
fertile    region,    but     very      "  \^j,rnh. 
badly  cultivated.     Among 
the  noted  productions  are  pomegranates,  olives, 
and  figs. 

Constantinople,  the  capital  city,  is  situ- 
ated in  Turkey  in  Europe. 

Persia  is  situated  east  of  Turkey  in  Asia. 

The  inhabitants  are  celebrated  for  the 
manufacture  of  beautiful  shawls,  carpets,  and 
various  articles  of  silk. 

Teheran  is  the  capital  city. 

Independent  Tartary  is  situated  south- 
west of  Siberia.  It  is  inhabited  by  various 
^tribes,  called  Tartars. 

Bokhara  is  the  capital  of  a  part  of  Inde- 
pendent Tartary. 

Afghanistan  lies  south  of  Independent 
Tartary. 

A  great  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  warlike, 
and  dwell  principally  in  rude  tents,  made  of 
coarse  cloth  of  camel's  or  goat's  hair. 

Herat  and  Cabul  are  the  capital  cities. 


JnLM.    m\ M.%^ u\i 


a 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  AFRICA. 


66 


Introductory  Bemarks  on  the  Map  of  Africa. 

Africa  is  a  lai^e  peninsula,  joined  to  Asia  on  the  north- 
east, by  a  narrow  strip,  or  neck  of  land,  called  the  Isthmus 
of  Suez. 

This  country  forms  one  of  the  Grand  Divisions  of  the 
Eastern  Continent. 


Lesson  LXXVI. 

QUESTIONS     ON     THE     MAP     OF 

:A  F  E  I  C  A. 

Systematically  arranged. 

What  country  is  in  the  north-western  part  of  Africa? 

How  is  Morocco  bounded  on  the  south  ? 

AVhat  strait  separates  Morocco  from  Europe  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Morocco  ? 

In  what  part  of  Morocco  is  the  capital  situated  ? 

What  country  lies  east  of  Morocco  1    . 

What  sea  is  north  of  Algiers  1 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  that  country  1 

What  country  is  east  of  Algiers  % 

What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

How  is  Tunis  bounded  on  the  south  1 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Tripoli  ?    How  situated  ? 

What  two  countries  belong  to  Tripoli  1 

Barca  and  Fezzan. 

What  country  lies  east  of  Barca  ? 

In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Egypt  ? 

What  countries  comprise  the  Barbary  States  1 

Morocco,  Algiers,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli. 

What  sea  is  eaat  of  Egypt  ?    What  sea  north  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Egypt  %. 

On  what  river  is  Cairo  situated  ? 

What  country  bounds  Egj'pt  on  the  south  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Nubia  ? 

^\'hat  sea  lies  east  of  Nubia  1 

What  desert  west  ? 

What  country  south  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  that  country  ? 

On  what  lake  is  Gondar  situated  ? 

What  territory  lies  south-east  of  Abyssinia  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

It  has  no  capital  city. 

In  what  direction  from  the  Somauli  Territory  is  Zan- 
guebar  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  a  part  of  that  country  ?  Z. 
How  is  Zanzibar  situated  ? 

On  an  island  near  the  coast  of  Zanguebar. 


Lesson  LXXYII. 

Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  country  is  south  of  Zanguebar  ? 

What  country  lies  west  of  Mozambique  1 

What  channel  east  % 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Mozambique  1 

What  country  bounds  Mozambique  on  the  south? 

What  ocean  is  east  of  that  country  1 

What  town  is  the  capital  of  a  part  of  CafFraria  1 

Is  King  William's  Town  in  the  southern,  or  northern 
part  of  Caffraria  1 

What  is  that  part  of  Caffraria  called  ?   British  Ca- 

What  country  in  Africa  lies  farthest  south  1 

What  town  is  the  capital  ? 

In  what  part  of  Cape  Colony  is  Cape  Town  ? 

What  ocean  lies  east  of  Cape  Colony  ?    I. 

What  one  lies  west  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Cape  Colony  is  the  country 
of  the  Hottentots  1 

What  country  lies  along  the  west  coast  of  Africa, 
north  of  the  country  of  the  Hottentots  ? 

What  country  lies  to  the  east  of  Cimbebas? 

What  country  Ues  north  ?  ^ 

Of  what  country  are  Benguela  and  St.  Salvador  the 
capitals  ? 

Along  what  coast  of  Africa  does  Lower  Guinea  ex- 
tend ?     What  country  is  east  of  Lower  Guinea  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Lower  Ls  Upper  Guinea  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  a  part  of  Upper  Guinea  ? 

What  country  lies  south-west  of  L  pper  Guinea  1 

In  what  part  of  Liberia  is  the  capital  situated  % 

In  what  direction  from  Liberia  is  Sierra"  Leone  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  1 

In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Senegambia? 

What  ocean  is  west  of  Senegambia  ? 

What  country  east  % 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Senegambia  1 

In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Sahara  ? 

From  what  ocean  on  the  west,  to  what  countries  on 
the  east,  does  it  extend  ? 

What  states  are  north  ?    B y  S s. 

What  countries  south  ? 

Which  lies  farther  east,  Soudan  or  Senegambia  ? 

What  two  capital  cities  do  you  find  in  Soudan? 

Near  what  lake  is  Kouka  situated  ? 

On  what  river  is  Sego  ? 

Soudan  is  divided  into  many  small  kingdoms,  and  each  one  has  a  cap- 
ital city.    This  is  the  case  with  some  other  countries  in  Africa. 

Tou  will  learn  more  about  the  different  divisions  of  Africa  in  the 
"Second  Book  "  of  this  series. 

What  country  is  south  of  Soudan? 
The  greater  part  of  Ethiopia  Is  an  unknovrn  region. 


66 


CORNELL'S  PRBIAPwY  GEOGRAPHY 


MoEOCoa 

This  city,  the  capital  of  one  of  the  Barbary  States,  Is  situated  in  a  fine  plain,  and  is  snrrcnndcd  by  a  strong  -wall  of  lime  and  mnd  thirty  fcei  in 
height  Look  at  the  picture  and  you  wiQ  see  one  of  the  gates,  or  entrances  to  the  city,  of  which  there  are  eleven.  The  streets  of  this  city  are  very 
narrow,  crooked,  and  dirty. 

Between  what  countries  do  the  Kong  Mountains  ex- 

Lesson  LXXVIII.  tend? 

Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  islands  lie  north  of  Africa? 

In  what  sea  are  they  situated  ? 

What  island  lies  east  of  Mozambique  Channel  ? 

What  group  of  islands  west  of  Senegambia? 

What  group  north-west  of  the  Great  Desert  ? 

Wliat  group  north  of  the  Canary  Isles  ? 

In  what  water  do  these  three  groups  lie  ? 

Where  are  the  Madeira  Islands  ? 

What  natural  division  of  land  is  Africa? 

IIow  is  it  connected  with  Asia  ? 

In  what  part  of  Egypt  is  that  isthmus  ? 

What  cape  projects  from  the  northern  coast  of  Af- 
rica ?    Bon. 

What  is  the  eastern  cape  of  Africa  called  ? 

What  cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Africa? 

What  capo  projects  from  the  western  coast  of  Sene- 
gambia ?    V. 

Mention  the  northern,  eastern,  southern  and  west- 
ern capes  of  Africa. 

Where  are  the  Atlas  Mountains  ? 

■nrt.  i  c  A.   •       •     j.\.  ii  i.     e  k  p  Water-flponts,  like  those  in  the  above  cut,  arc  sometimes  seen  on  tlio 

What  range  of  mountains  m  the  southern  part  of  Af>     ^„„      rr^  T     aZ       .  i  u.,    h„„„„i  .„nvin,r,.nn,i 

^  •  ocean.    Tliev  are  formed  bv  contrary  winds  nicotine  ana  moving  rounu 

rica  ?    Where  are  the  Kong  Mountains  ? 


A  Water-spout 
■Water-flponts,  like  those  in  the  above  cut,  arc  sometimes  seen 
ocean.    Tliey  are  formed  by  contr.iry  winds  meeting  and  moving 
in  a  very  rajjid  manner. 


EXERCISIS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  AFRICA. 


67 


Caibo 

Cairo  is  the  largest  and  most  important  city  in  Africa.  It  is  situated  about  a  mile  dbtant  from  a  river,  (what  river  is  it?)  and  lies  in  the  midst 
of  gardens,  and  gi'oves  of  mimosas  and  palm-trees.  The  streets  are  all  narrow — many  of  them  not  wide  enough  to  admit  of  two  camel's  passing 
abreasC 


Lesson  LXXIX. 

Map  Questions— Systematically  arranged. 

What  ocean  is  east  of  Africa  ? 

"What  ocean  is  west  ? 

What  sea  hes  north  of  Africa? 

Between  what  two  countries  is  that  sea  situated  ? 

What  sea  is  east  of  Africa  ? 

What  gulf  indents  the  northern  shore  of  Tripoli  ? 

What  large  giilf  indents  the  western  shore  of  Africa  ? 

What  strait  is  north  of  Morocco  ? 

What  two  bodies  of  water  does  that  strait  connect  ? 

What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  Sea  ? 

What  channel  is  west  of  the  Island  of  Madagascar  ? 

What  lake  is  in  Abyssinia  ? 

In  what  part  of  that  country  is  it  situated  ? 

Where  is  Lake  Tchad  ? 

What  river  flows  through  Nubia  and  Egypt  7 

What  course  does  it  flow  ? 

What  two  rivers  empty  into  the  Nile  ? 

Which  one  rises  in  Lake  Dembea  1 

In  what  mountains  does  the  White  River  rise  ? 

Into  what  body  of  water  does  the  Nile  empty  ? 

What  river  crosses  the  country  of  Mozambique  ? 


What  course  does  it  flow  ? 

Where  does  it  empty  ? 

What  river  flows  through  the  country  of  the  Hotten- 
tots? 

Describe  that  river. 

On  what  river  is  St.  Salvador  situated  ? 

Into  what  body  of  water  does  tliat  river  empty  ? 

What  river  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Guinea? 

Describe  that  river. 

What  river  flows  through  Senegarabia  ? 

What  river  in  Africa  flows  northerly  and  discharges 
its  surplus  waters  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 

What  rivers  flow  westerly  and  empty  into  the  Atlan< 
tic? 

What  one  flows  south-easterly  to  the  Mozambique 
Channel  ? 

Which,  of  all  these  rivers,  is  situated  farthest  south  ? 

Which  farthest  north  ? 

Which  one  is  in  Senegambia  ? 

AVhich  one  crosses  I  ower  Guinea  ? 

Which  one  flows  through  Mozambique  ? 

Which  one  is  formed  by  the  White  and  the  Blue 
Rrvers  ? 

What  two  rivers  have  their  source  in  Ethiopia  ?  Z.  A  0. 


•  68 


CORNELL'S  PRBLiRY  GEOGRAPHY. 


Cape  Tows. 

Cape  Town  lies  on  Table  Bay,  which  empties  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Look  at  the  cut  and  notice  how  the  city  is  situated.  Does  it  not  lie  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain  ?  It  is  called  Table  Mountain.  A  great  many  vessels  stop  at  Cape  Town  to  get  a  supply  of  water,  etc  Is  Cape  Town  in 
Asia?    In  what  quarter  of  tlie  world  is  it? 


Lesson  LXXX. 

Map  Questions — Fromiscaonsly  arranged. 

"What  ocean  is  west  of.  Africa  ? 

AVhat  group  of  islands  is  west  of  Sahara  ? 

What  is  Saliara? 

Where  is  the  fertile  di.strict  of  Fe/zan  1 

What  town  may  he  considered  as  the  capital? 

To  what  country  doe.s  the  district  belong  ? 

Where  i.s  the  Isthmas  of  Suez  ? 

What  two  countries  does  it  connect? 

"Where  is  Mozambique  Channel? 

What  is  a  channel  ? 

In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Lower  Guinea  ? 

What  country  is  south  of  Lower  Guinea? 

Where  are  the  Barbary  States  ? 

"Which  arc  they? 

Which  one  is  situated  farthest  east  ? 

'\V^hich  one  farthest  west  ? 

What  desert  is  south  of  these  States  ? 

What  ocean  bounds  that  desert  on  the  west  ? 

Where  is  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar? 

What  sea  is  north  of  the  Barbary  States  ? 

What  course  docs  the  Nile  How  ? 

What  two  rivers  form  thcT^ile  ? 


What  three  countries,  in  Africa,  border  on  the  Red 
Sea? 

Which  is  the  most  southerly  country  of  Africa  ? 

What  town  is  the  capital  ? 

Where  are  the  Snow  Mountains  ? 

What  countries  bound  Soudan  on  the  east  ? 

What  country  is  north  of  Abyssinia? 

In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Abyssinia  ? 


Lcjson  LXXXI. 

Map  Questions— Promiscuously  arranged. 

What  group  of  islands  is  west  of  Senegambia  ? 

In  what  part  of  Senegambia  is  Timboo  ?  * 

What  country  is  south  of  Senegambia  ? 

What  country  east  ? 

What  ocean  washes  the  coast  of  Senegambia  ? 

In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Senegambia  ? 

In  what  part  is  the  Somauh  Territory  ? 

In  what  direction  from  that  Territory  isZangucbar? 

What  ocean  washes  the  east  coast  of  that  country  ? 

How  is  the  capital  city  situated  ? 


EXERCISES  ON,;rnE  MAP  OF  AFRICA. 


69 


Grand  Temple  at  Caira 

Is  Zanzibar  the  capital  of  the  entire  country  of  Zan- 
guebar  ? 

On  which  coast  of  Africa  will  I  find  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  1 

Where  will  I  find  Lake  Dembea  ? 

What  river  is  the  outlet  of  that  lake  ? 

In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Egj^pt  ? 

A7ould  I  find  Cape  Guardafui  on  the  east,  or  west 
coast  of  Africa  ? 

In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Nubia  ? 

What  country  is  north  of  Nubia  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Nubia  from  Abyssinia  ? 

Where  is  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-!Mandeb  ? 

What  country  bounds  Tunis  on  the  west  ? 

Tunis  on  the  east  ? 

"What  sea  is  north  of  Algiers  ? 

>Vhat  city  is  the  capital  of  Algiers  ? 

How  is  that  city  situated  ?  - 

"Where  are  the  ^Madeira  Isles  ? 

AVhich  are  farther  north,  the  Madeira  or  the  Canary 
Isles? 

The  Canary,  or  the  Cape  "Verde  Isles  ? 

What  is  an  island  ? 

What  is  a  cape  1     What  is  a  promontory  ? 


Is  there  a  cape  on  the  coast  of  Africa  by 
the  name  of  Verde  ? 

On  which  coast  is  it  ? 

Where  is  Liberia  ? 

What  country  Ues  east  of  Liberia  ? 

Is  Monrovia  the  capital  of  Liberia,  or  of 
Upper  Guinea? 

What  range  of  mountains  lies  between 
Upper  Guinea  and  Soudan  ? 

Lesson  LXXXII. 

Map  Questions— Promiscuously  arranged. 

Where  is  Lake  Tchad  ? 

What  country  is  west  of  Barca? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Tunis  ? 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Sidra  ? 

How  is  the  city  of  Tripoli  situated  ? 

What  country  lies  between  Tripoli  and 
Egypt? 

Between  Egypt  and  Abyssinia  ? 

"Where  is  the  Red  Sea? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Egypt  ? 

In  what  part  of  Africa  is  Mozambique  ? 

How  is  Mozambique  bounded  on  the  east  ? 

Between  what  two  countries  is  it  situated  ? 

What  range  of  mountains  is  in  Central 
Africa  ?    What  is  a  mountain  ? 
What  natural  division  of  land  is  Africa  ? 
What  is  a  peninsula  ? 
What  waters  nearly  surround  ^\frica  ? 
Which  is  the  northern  cape  of  Africa  ? 
From  which  division  of  Africa  does  it  project  ? 
In  what  part  of  Africa  is  the  Hottentot  Country  ? 
What  two  countries,  in  Africa,  do  not  border  on  tne 
coast  ?     Which  one  lies  farther  north  ? 
What  countries  border  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 
Which  border  on  the  Red  Sea  ? 
Which  on  the  Indian  Ocean  ? 
What  one  is  the  most  southerly  ? 
What  countries  border  on  the  Atlantic  ? 
What  one  borders  both  on  the  Atlantic  and  Indian 
Oceans  ?   C-  C. 

"NMiat  country  has  a  sea  coast,  both  on  the  Mediterra-   ! 
nean  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

What  coimtry  borders  on  the  Mediterranean  and  Red 
Seas? 
In  what  direction  is  Africa  from  Europe  ? 
What  sea  is  between  those  two  countries  ? 
Is  Africa  in  the  Eastern,  or,  Western  Hemisphere  ? 
Of  what  does  Africa  form  a  part  ?   E.  C. 


70 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


CiXJ  36  aXi  ty  3rx    21       D      U  '^  '^  0 

CONTENTS  OP  THE  MAP  OF  AFRICA 


c^*-* 


Lesson  LXXXIII. 

The  Countries  of  Africa  are: —      rlloROCCO,     Tripoli, 
Bakbary  States. -<  Algiers,      Fezzan, 
L  Tunis,  Barca, 

Egypt, 
Nubia, 
Abyssinia, 
SoMAULi  Territory, 
Zasguebar, 
Mozambique, 
ZooLU  Country, 
Caffraria, 
Cape  Colony, 
Country  of  the 
Hottentots, 

CiMBEBAS, 

Lower  Guinea, 
Upper  Guinea, 
Liberia, 
Sierra  Leone, 
Senegambia, 
Sahara, 
Soudan,  and 
Ethiopia. 


The  Capital  Cities  and  Towns  of  the 


Countries  in  Africa  are : 


f  Morocco,         .•  .. 

Algiers, 

Tunis, 

Tripoli, 

mouuzouk, 

Cairo, 

Khartoom, 

Gondar,  *• 

Zanzibar, 

Mozambique, 

Kino  William's  Town, 

Cape  Town, 
r  Benguela, 
j^  St.  Salvador, 

coomassie, 

Monrovia, 

Frek  Town, 

Timboo, 
f  Sego,  and 

I  KOUKA. 


The  Islands  off  the  coast  of  Africa 

are : —  Sardinia, 

Sicily, 
Candia, 
Cyprus, 
Madagascar, 
St.  Helena, 
Cape  Verde  Isles, 
Canary  Isles,  and  • 
Madeira  Isles. 


The  Peninsula  is : 
The  Isthmus  is  :- 
The  Capes  are : — 


The  Mountain  Rantrcs  are : — 


Africa. 


Suez. 


Box, 

Guardafui, 
Good  Hope,  and 

Verde. 


Atlas, 
Snow,  and 
Kong. 


Lesson  LXXXIV. 


T     t\ 


The  Oceans  that  wash  the  coasts 
of  Africa,  are  : —  % 

The  Seas  are  — 

The  Gulfs  are  :— 
The  Straits  are : — 

The  Channel  is : — 
The  Lakes  arc  : — 

The  Rivers  are  : — 


Indian,  and 
Atlantic. 


Mediterranean,  and 
Red.  * 

SiDRA,  and  Guinea. 

Gibraltar,  and 
Bab-el  Mandeb.        'I 

MoZAMItlQUE. 

Dembea,  and 
Tchad. 

Nile, 


r  Blue, 
[  White, 


Zamueze, 
Orange, 
Congo, 
Niger,  and 
Senegal. 


AFRICA, 


71 


Area 


DESCRIPTIVE     GEOGRAPHY 

Lesson  LXXXV. 
AFRICA. 

in  square  miles,  12,000,000.  Population,  61,000,000. 


Animals  of  Africa. 

Boundary.  — ^Africa  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Med- 
iteri'anean  Sea,  on  the  east  by  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Indian 
Ocean,  and  on  the  south  and  west  by  the  Atlantic. 

Political  Divisions. — ^The  chief  political  divisions  of  Af- 
rica are  Morocco,  Algiers,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  Fezzan,  Barca, 
Egypt,  Kubia,  Abyssinia,  Somauli  Territory,  Zanguebar, 
Mozambique,  Caffraria,  Cape  Colony,  Country  of  the  Hot- 
tentots, Cimbebas,  Lower  Guinea,  Upper  Guinea,  Sen^am- 
bia,  Sahara,  Soudan,  and  Ethiopia. 

The  Barbary  States.— This  part  of  Af- 
rica extends  along  the  Mediterranean,  from 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  Egypt.     It  is  divided 
^to  four  distinct   countries — viz  ;    Morocco, 
Algiers,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli. 

Fezzan  and  Barca  belong  to  Tripoli. 

%  Egypt  is  an  important  di\ision  of  Africa. 
It  is  noted  for  its  numerous  temples  and  pyra- 
mids, which  surpass  those  of  any  other  country. 

The  people  of  Egypt,  and  of  the  Barbary 
States,  are  chiefly  Moors  and  Arabs. 

The  capital  city  is  Cairo,  situated  near  the 
Nile  River. 

Nubia  is  situated  south  of  Egypt,  and 
west  of  the  Eed  Sea.  It  abounds  in  rocky 
and  sandy  deserts. 

The  climate  of  this  country,  and  also 
^gyptj  is  hot  and  dry. 


The  capital  city  of  Nubia  is  Khartoom. 

Abyssinia,  situated  south  of  Nubia,  is  a 
very  mountainous  country. 

The  Abyssinians  are  of  a  dark  ohve  com- 
plexion, and  are  described  as  being  very  rude 
and  brutal  in  their  manners  and  customs. 

GoNDAR  is  the  capital  city. 

Eastern  Africa.— This 

part   of  Africa   comprises 
Somauli    Territoiy,    Zan- 
guebar, and  Mozambique. 
The    inhabitants     are 
chiefly  Negroes. 

Southern  Africa  in- 
cludes Cafiraria,  Cape  Col- 
ony, and  the  Country  of 
the  Hottentots. 

Nearly  half  of  the  pre- 
sent population  of  Cape 
Colony  are  whites,  the 
most  of  whom  are  from 
Great  Britain. 

Western  Africa  comprises  Cimbebas, 
Lower  Guiuea,  Upper  Guinea,  and  Senegambia. 
.  The  inhabitants  are  Negroes. 
The  coasts  of  Western  Africa  are  frequent- 
ly visited  by  ships  from  other  countries,  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  from  the  natives, 
gold-dust,  ivory,  palm-oil,  feathers,  &c.,  in  ex- 
change for  fire-arms,  tobacco,  liquors,  cotton--^ 
cloths,  and  various  articles  of.  hardware. 

Sahara  is  a  vast  sandy  desert,  situated  in 
the  northern  part  of  Africa,  directly  south  of 
the  Barbary  States. 

There  are  a  few  fertile  spots  called  oases, 
in  this  vast  desert. 

Central  Africa  includes  Soudan  and 
Ethiopia.  Soudan  is  divided  into  several 
kingdoms. 

Ethiopia  is  an  extensive  unknown  region. 

• 


A  Negro 


THE   UNI 


Lesson  LXXXVI. 

Ezercifles  on  the  Map  of  the  XTnited  States. 

now  are  the  T'nltcd  States  bounded  ? 

How  many  states  are  there  in  the  United  States T    Thlrty-twa 
How  many  territories?     Klght. 
llow  arc  the  states  divided  t    Into  four  sections. 
AV'bat  names  are  given  to  thcsu  sections? 

Eastern  or  New  England,  Northern  or  Middle,  Sonthem,  and  Western 
States. 


Mention  the  territories.     Washington,     Nebrasl^a,    Dftcota,    Kansi 
Indian,  New  Mexico,  Utah,  and  Oregon.  -  ... 

IIow  is  Washington  Territory  bounded  f    What  city  is  the  c»pl 
How  is  it  situated  ?    On  Pugot  Sound. 

Bound  Ncbraslia.    What  city  is  the  capital  ?    Hot  Is  it  sitnatoi 
How  is  Dacota  bounded  f 
How  is  Kansas  bounded  T 

What  city  is  the  capital?  How  Is  it  situated  ?  T!.  ;:nd  Indian  T*. 
How  is  New  Mexico  bounded?     What  city  is  llm  capital.? 
How  is  Utah  bounded  ?    What  city  is  tlic  cjipitul  ? 
What  city  is  situated  a  few  miles  south  of  Great  Salt  Lake  ? 


ED   STATES 


n 


How  is  Oregon  bounded  ?  What  city  is  the  capital  ?  What  other 
ities  in  Oregon  ?    How  la  each  situated  ? 

What  three  mountain  ranges  in  the  western  part  of  the  United  States  ? 

Where  is  Great  Salt  Lake  ? 

Mention  the  western  branches  of  the  Mississippi  EiVer. 

What  rivers  empty  into  the  Missouri  River?    Describe  each. 

What  river  empties  into  the  (julf  of  California  ?    Describe  it, 

What  two  rivers  form  the  Colorado  Elver  ? 

What  river  empties  into  the  Colorado  River  near  its  month  ? 

What  river  flows  between  Oregon  and  Washington  ?  What  three  rivers 
low  into  the  Columbia  River  ?    Describe  each  of  these  rivers. 


Provinces  of  British  America. 

How  is  Canada  divided?   Into  Canada  East  and  Canada  West. 

Where  is  Canada  West  ?  Whatcity  is  the  capital?  Where  is  Kingston  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Canada  East  ?    How  is  It  situated  ? 

How  is  Montreal  situated'  On  Montreal  Island,  in  the  St.  Lawrence 
River.    How  is  New  Brunswick  bounded  ?    What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

Bound  Nova  Scotia.  What  city  is  the  capital  ?  What  island  north-east 
of  Nov*  Scotia  ?    Where  is  the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence  ? 

Where  is  the  Bay  of  Fundy  ?    What  river  in  New  Brunswick  ? 

What  river  divides  Canada?    Describe  each  of  these  rivers. 


EASTERN  STATES. 


n 


O      10    20    3U   «U    VT" 


D 


QuestioQB  on  the  Map  of  the  Eastern  or  New  England  States, 


In  what  part  of  the  Eastern  or  New  England  States 
is  Vermont  ?     How  is  it  bounded  on  the  north  ? 
How  on  the  south  ?     What  city  is  the  capital  ? 
How  is  it  situated  1     Wliere  is  Burlington  ? 


Is  Burlington  a  capital  city  ?    No. 

To  THE  Pupil. — Look  upon  the  map  and  you  will  see  that  the 
capital  cities  are  marked  thus  ;^:,  and  other  cities  thus  ©. 

In  what  part  of  Vermont  is  Brattleboro  ? 
On  what  river?    Where  is  Bennington?    Wliat  state 
is  east  of  Vermont  ?    What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

On  what  river  is  Concord  ?     Where  is  Port-sinouth  ? 
On  what  river  is  Manchester  ?     Where  is  Nashua  ? 


EXERCISES   OX   THE  MAP  OF  THE  EASTERN  STATES. 


15 


How  is  New  Hampshire  bounded  on  the  south  ? 

How  on  the  north  ?  What  state  is  east  of  New  Hamp- 
shire ?     What  ocean  bounds  Maine  on  the  south  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Maine  ? 

On  what  river  is  it  situated  ?  What  country  bounds 
Maine  on  the  north  ?     What  one  on  the  east  ? 

Where  is  Eastport  ?    Where  is  Bangor  1 

What  city  is  situated  on  the  Kennebec  Kiver,  about 
30  miles  south  of  Augusta  1 

On  what  bay  is  Portland  situated?  i 

What  state  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Vermont  and 
New  Hampshire  ? 


lesson  LXXXVIII. 

Map  Questions— Systematically  Arranged. 
What  bounds  Massachusetts  on  the  east  ?    What  on 
the  west  ?     What  city  is  the  capital  of  Massachusetts  ? 
Wliere  is  Lowell  ?     Salem  1    New  Bedford  ? 
How  is  Massachusetts  bounded  on  the  south  ? 
How  is  Springfield  situated  ?     How  Worcester  ? 
How  is  Rhode  Island  bounded  on  the  north  ? 
How  on  the  south  ?     How  on  the  west  ? 
What  two  cities  are  the  capitals  of  Rhode  Island  ? 
How  is  Newport  situated  1 
On  the  Island  of  Khode  Island. 
How  is  Providence  situated  1 
At  the  head  of  Narragansett  Bay, 
How  is  Connecticut  bounded  on  the  north  ? 
How  on  the  east  ?     How  on  the  south  ? 
What  two  cities  are  the  capitals  of  Connecticut  ? 
On  what  river  is  Hartford  situated? 
In  what  part  of  Connecticut  is  New  Haven  ? 
In  what  part  is  New  London  ? 
Where  is  Bridgeport  ? 
What  bounds  Connecticut  on  the  west  ? 
Which  of  the  New  England  States  are  bounded  north 
by  Canada  East  ? 

"Which  two  are  bounded  north  by  Massachusetts  ? 
Which  two  are  bounded  south  by  Massachusetts  ? 
Which  three  are  bounded  west  by  New  York  ? 
Mention  the  capital  cities  of  the  New  England  States. 
M.,  C,  A.,  B.,  N.,  P.,  H.,  N.  H. 
How  is  each  situated  ? 

MoNTPELiER  is  situated  on  the  Onion  River. 

Concord,  on  the  Merrimac  River. 

Augusta,  on  the  Kennebec  River. 

Boston,  on  Massachusetts  Bay. 

Newport,  on  the  Island  of  Rhode  Island. 

Providence,  on  the  Providence  River. 

Hartford,  on  the  Connecticut  River. 

New  Haven,  on  New  Ilavcn  Bay. 


Lesson  LXXXIX. 

Map  Questions— Systematically  Arranged. 

Mention  the  most  important  cities  in  the  New  Eng- 
land States,  besides  the  capitals. 
How  is  each  situated  ? 

{Burlington  is  situated  on  Lake  Champlain. 
Brattleboro,  on  the  Connecticut  River. 
Bennington,  in  tlie  southern  part  of  Vermont. 
{Portsmouth,  at  the  mouth  of  Piscataqua  River. 
Manchester,  on  the  Merrimac  River. 
Nashua,  on  the  Merrimac  River. 
Eastport,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Maine. 
Bangor,  on  the  Penobscot  River. 
Bath,  on  the  Kennebec  River. 
Portland,  on  Casco  Bay. 
'  Lowell,  on  the  Merrimac  River. 
Salem,  on  the  east  coast  of  Massachusetts. 
-  New  Bedford,  on  a  branch  of  Buzzard's  Bay. 
Springfield,  on  the  Connecticut  River. 
Worcester,  on  the  Pawtucket  or  Blackstone  River. 
f  New  London,  on  the  Thames  River. 
1  Bridgeport,  on  Long  Island  Sound. 
What  island  is  south  of  Connecticut  ? 
To  what  state  does  that  island  belong  ?     New  York. 
What  capes  are  on  the  east  coast  of  Massacliusetts  ? 
What  range  of  mountains  in  Vermont  and  Massachu- 
setts ?     What  mountains  are  in  New  Hampshire  ? 
What  ocean  is  east  of  New  Hampshire  ? 
What  bay  is  east  of  Maine  ?     What  bays  are  south 
of  Maine  ?     What  bay  east  of  Massachusetts  ? 
Where  is  Narragansett  Bay  ? 

What  sound  is  between  Long  Island  and  Connecticut  ? 
What  lake  is  between  Vermont  and  New  York  ? 
What  river  is  its  outlet  ? 
In  what  part  of  Maine  is  Grand  Lake  ? 
Where  is  Moosehead  Lake  ?    What  river  is  its  outlet  ? 
Where  is  Connecticut  Lake  ?   What  river  is  its  outlet  ? 
What  river  in  Vermont  empties  into  Lake  Champlain  ? 
What  river  forms  the  boundary  line  between  New 
Brunswick  and  Maine  ? 

In  what  lake  docs  the  St.  Croix  River  rise  ? 
Into  what  bay  does  the  St.  Croix  River  empty? 
AYhat  course  does  the  Penobscot  River  flow  ? 
In  what  lake  does  the  Kennebec  River  rise  ? 
Where  does  it  empty  ?     What  course  does  it  flow  ? 
Describe  the  Merrimac  River. 
Describe  the  Pawtucket  or  Blackstone  River. 
What  river  is  the  boundary  line  between  Vermont 
and  New  Hampshire  ? 

What  is  the  general  course  of  the  Connecticut  River  ? 
In  what  lake  does  it  rise  ?    In  what  state  ? 
What  two  states  does  the  Connecticut  River  cross? 
Into  what  sound  does  it  empty  ? 


•76 


CORNELL'S  PRIITARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


Boston. 

Here  la  Boston,  the  capital  city  of  Massachusetts.    It  seems  to  be  built  on  hills,  and  so  it  is.    What  bay  lies  in  front  of  the  city  ?    The 
building  on  the  top  of  the  highest  ground  in  the  city,  is  the  State  House. 

a7J  £  an  ly  ari  it    ^    ja  ii  # . 
CONTENTS  OF  THE  MAP  OF  THE  EASTERN  STATES. 


Lesson  XC. 

The  Eastern  States  are :  Vermont,  Massachusetts, 

New  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island  & 

Maine,  Connecticdt. 


The  Capital  Cities  arc :    Montpelikr,  Newport, 

Concord,  Providence, 

AuonsTA,  Hartford,  & 

Boston,  New  Haven. 


The  other  Cities  are : 


Bcrlinoton, 

Brattleroro, 

Bennington, 

Portsmouth, 

Manchester, 

Nashua, 

Eastport, 

Bangor, 


Bath, 

Portland, 

Lowell, 

Salem, 

New  Bedford, 

Sprixofield, 

Worcester, 

New  London,  & 

Bridgeport. 


Lesson  XCL 

The  Capes  of  the  East- 
ern States  arc :        Cod  and  Malabar. 


The  Mountains  are : 


The  Bays  are : 


The  Lakes  are : 


The  Rivers  are ; 


GREKN-and  White. 


Casco, 
Passamaquoddy,      Massachusetts,  & 
Penopscot,  Narragansett, 


Champlain, 
Grand, 


Mooskhead,  & 
Connecticut. 


Onion,  or 

WiNOOSKI, 

St.  Croix, 
Penobscot, 


Kennebec, 
Merrimac, 
Pawtucket,  & 
Connecticut. 


Bkmark  to  the  Tkaciibb;— The  method  for  nslng  "Memory's  Aid  "  is  given  on  page  84. 


REVIEW  OF  THE  EASTERN  STATES. 


17 


Lesson  XCII. 

REVIEW  OF  THE  EASTERN  STATES. 

Remark. — The  pupil  should  be  able  to  answer  the  following 
questions  without  referring  to  the  map. 

How  many  states  are  called  the  Eastern  or  New  Eng- 
land States  ?     Mention  them. 

Which  one  lies  furthest  north-east? 

Which  one  furthest  south-west  ? 

Which  one  is  the  smallest  ?    Which  one  the  largest  ? 

Of  which  one  is  Augusta  the  capital  ? 

On  which  side  of  what  river  is  Augusta  situated  ? 

In  what  state  is  Burlington  located  ? 

On  what  lake  ?     On  what  side  of  the  lake  7 
'  Near  the  mouth  of  what  river  ? 

What  capital  city  is  situated  on  this  river? 

"What  capital  city  is  situated  on  the  Merrimac  Kiver  ? 

Of  what  state  is  Montpelier  the  capital  ? 

Of  what  state  is  Concord  the  capital  ? 

Which  city  is  further  north,  Nashua  or  Manchester  ? 

Which  is  further  east,  Manchester  or  Portsmouth  ? 

In  what  state  are  these  three  cities  situated  1 

In  what  part  of  the  state  ?    Which  one  of  these  cities 
is  on  the  coast ?    "Where  is  Lowell? 

Which  is  situated  further  down  the  Merrimac  River, 
Lowell  or  Nashua  ? 

What  coast  does  Massachusetts  Bay  indent  ? 

Which  of  the  New  England  States  have  two  capitals  ? 

Mention  the  capitals  of  Connecticut. 

Which  is  the  lai^er  state,  Massachusetts  or  Connec- 
ticut ?    Rhode  Island  or  Connecticut  ? 


Lesson  XCIIL 

Eeview— continued. 

Mention  the  capital  cities  of  Rhode  Island. 
Which  one  is  situated  on  an  island  ? 
What  bays  indent  the  southern  shore  of  Jilaine  ? 
To  what  ocean  are  these  bays  tributary  ? 
Of  what  lake  is  the  St.  Croix  River  the  outlet  ? 
Which  is  further  east,  the  Penobscot  Elver  or  the 
Kennebec  River? 

On  which  of  these  rivers  is  Bangor  situated  ? 
What  city  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec  River? 
About  how  many  miles  below  AuOTSta  is  it  situated  ? 
In  what  state  is  Bath  situated  ? 
What  city  stands  at  the  heafl  of  Narragansett  Bay  ? 
In  what  direction  Is  Rhode  Island  from  Connecticut  ? 


Massachusetts  from  Rhode  Island?  New  Hamp- 
shire from  Massachusetts  ?  Maine  from  New  Hamp- 
shire?    Maine  from  New  Brunswick? 

Canada  East  from  Maine?  New  Brunswick  from 
Maine  ?     Vermont  from  New  York  ? 

Of  what  state  is  Boston  the  capital  ?  What  city  on 
the  coast  about  14  miles  north-east  of  Boston  ? 

What  city  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Buzzard's  Bay  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Worcester  from  New  Bedford  ? 

Is  Worcester  in  Rhode  Island  ?    In  what  state  is  it  ? 

WTiere  is  Springfield  ?  What  three  cities  in  the 
southern  part  of  Connecticut  ? 

Of  these,  which  one  is  on  the  Thames  River  ? 

Which  one  is  furthest  west  ?  WTiich  one  is  a  capital 
city?     What  states  border  on  Massachusetts ? 

Which  of  the  Eastern  or  New  England  States  border 
on  New  York?     Which  border  on. Canada  East? 

Which  border  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

Which  one  borders  on  Long  Island  Sound  ? 

What  states  border  on  Connecticut  ? 

What  states  border  on  the  Connecticut  River? 


I  ,f-:-: 


BlTKKEB  HrLL  MOWUMJIWT. 

This  monument  is  situated  in  Charlestown,  a  place  opposite  Boston. 
It  was  erected  to  mark  the  spot  where  aa  important  battle  was  fonght 
daring  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 


MIDDLE     STATES 


Lesson  XCIV. 

Qnestiona  on  the  Map  of  the  Middle  States, 

STSTEMATK'AI.I.Y    AIIUANOKII. 

Which  one  of  the  Middle  States  lies  furthest  north  7 
What  three  states  bound  New  York  on  the  cast  ? 


What  lake  and  river  bound  New  York  on  the  north  7 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  New  York  7 

On  •what  river  is  Albany  situated  ? 

In  what  part  of  New  York  is  Troy  situated? 

In  what  part  is  New  York  City  situated? 

In  what  part  is  Elmira  ?     In  what  part  is  Buffalo  ? 


EXERCISES   OX   THE  MAP  OF  THE  MIDDLE  STATES. 


10 


On  what  lake  is  Buffalo  situated  ?    In  what  part  of 
Xew  York  is  Rochester  ?     In  what  part  is  Oswego  ? 

On  what  river  is  Rochester  ? 

On  what  lake  is  Oswego  ?     In  what  part  of  New 
York  is  Syracuse  ?     Auburn  ?     Utica  ? 

What  city  is  situated  on  Long  Island? 

IIow  is  New  York  bounded  on  the  south  ? 

Which  is  further  east,  New  Jersey  or  Pennsylvania? 

How  is  New  Jersey  bounded  on  the  east  ? 

What  river  separates  it  ft-om  Pennsylvania  on  the 
west  ?    What  city  is  the  capital  of  New  Jersey?^ 

On  what  river  is  it  situated  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  state  ? 

In  what  part  of  New  Jersey  is  Paterson  ?    In  what 
part  is  Jersey  City  ?     On  what  river  1 

In  what  part  is  Newark  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Newark  is  New  Brunswick  ? 

Where  is  Camden  ?     In  what  direction  is  Delaware 
from  New  Jersey  ? 

What  state  bounds  Delaware  on  the  south  and  west  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Delaware  ? 

In  what  part  of  Delaware  is  Wilmington  1 

What  large  state  bounds  Delaware  on  the  north? 

What  bounds  Pennsylvania  on  the  north  ? 

What  on  the  east?  What  two  states  are  on  the  west  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Pennsylvania  ? 

In  what  part  of  Pennsylvania  is  it  situated  ? 

On  what  river  ?     On  which  side  of  the  river  ? 

What  city  in  Pennsylvania  on  Lake  Eric  ?    In  what 
part  of  Pennsylvania  is  Easton  ?     On  what  river  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  same  state  is  Reading  ? 

In  what  part  is  Philadelphia  ? 

On  what  river  is  Reading  ? 

Between  what  two  rivers  is  Philadelphia  situated  ? 

AYhat  states  bound  Pennsj-lvania  on  the  south  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Philadelphia  is  Lancaster? 

In  what  part  of  Pennsylvania  is  Pittsburg  ? 

At  the  junction  of  what  rivers  is  it  situated? 

AVhich  one  of  the  Middle  States  is  furthest  south? 

W hich  one  furthest  west  ?    "Which  one  furthest  east  ? 


Lesson  XCY. 

Map  Questionfl -Systematically  Arranged. 

Mention  the  capital  cities  of  the  Middle  States. 

A.,  T.,  D.,  H. 

How  is  each  situated  ? 

Albany  is  situated  on  the  Hudson  River. 

Trenton,  on  the  Delaware  River. 

Dover,  on  Jones'  Creek. 

HarrisburGj  on  the  Susquehanna  River. 


Mention   the   most  important  cities  of  the  Middle 
States,  besides  the  capital  cities. 
How  is  each  situated  ? 
'  Troy  is  situated  on  the  Hudson  River. 

New  York,  on  Manhattan,  or  New  York  Island. 

Elmira,  on  a  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River. 

Buffalo,  on  Lake  Erie. 

Rochester,  on  the  Genesee  River. 

Oswego,  on  Lake  Ontario. 

Syracuse,  on  Onondaga  Lake. 

Auburn,  near  Owasco  Lake. 

Utica,  on  the  ^lohawk  River. 

Brooklyn,  on  Long  Island. 
'  Paterson,  on  the  Passaic  River. 

Jersey  City,  on  the  Hudson  River. 

Newark,  on  the  Passaic  River. 

New  Brunswick,  on  the  Raritan  River. 

Camden,  on  the  Delaware  River. 

Wilmington,  two  miles  from  the  Delaware  River. 

Erie,  on  Lake  Erie. 

Easton,  on  th'fe  Delaware  River. 

Reading,  on  the  Schuylkill  River. 

Philadelphia,    between  the  Delaware  and   the 
Schuylkill  River.  \ 

Lancaster,  inland. 

Pittsburg,  at  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  with 
the  Monongahela  River. 
What  peninsula  east  of  Pennsylvania?     New  Jersey. 
What  cape  is  in  the  southern  part  of  New  Jersey  ? 
What  cape  is  in  the  eastern  part  of  Delaware? 
AVhat  mountains  in  New  York  ? 
What  mountain  ranges  in  Pennsylvania  ? 
What  ocean  east  of  New  Jersey  ? 
What  bay  west  of  Long  Island  ? 
"N^hat  bay  between  New  Jersey  and  Delaware  7 
What  lake  north  of  Western  Pennsylvania  ? 
What  river  is  its  outlet?     Niagara  River. 
What  lakes  are  between  New  York  and  Canada? 
What  lake  between  New  York  and  Vcnnont  ? 
Into  what  river  docs  its  outlet  empty  ?     St.  L. 
.    What  river  runs  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario? 

What  river  crosses  the  western  part  of  the  State  of 
New  York  ?     Does  it  rise  in  New  York  ? 

Into  what  body  of  water  docs  the  Genesee  flow  ? 
What  river  in  the  eastern  part  of  New  York  ?     II. 
Describe  the  Hudson  River.     What  branch  empties 
into  the  Hudson  River  near  Troy  ? 
What  course  does  tluJ  Mohawk  flow  ? 
What  is  the  general  course  of  the  Delaware  River  ? 
Does  it  rise  in  New  Jersey  ?     What  branch  empties 
into  the  Delaware  at  Philadelphia  ? 

What  large  river  is  west  of  the  Schuylkill  River  ? 

What  course  does  the  Susquehanna  River  flow? 

Into  what  bay  does  it  empty  ? 

Describe  its  west  branch. 

What  two  rivers  form  the  Ohio  River  ? 


80 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


) 


CONTENTS  OF  THE    MAP  OF  THE    MffiDLE  STATES. 


Lesson  XCVI. 

The  Middle  States  arc :   New  York, 
New  Jersey, 


The  other  Cities  are : 


Troy, 
New  York, 

El.MIRA, 

BcrjALO, 
Rochester, 
Oswego, 
Syracuse, 

ACBCRN, 

Utica, 

Brooklyn, 

Paterson, 


Delaware,  & 
Pennsyltania. 


The  Capital  Cilics  arc :    Ai.dany,  Dover,  & 

Trenton,  Harrisburg. 


Jersey  City, 

Newark, 

New  Brunswick, 

Camden, 

Wilmington, 

Erie, 

Eastos, 

Reading, 

PlIILADELPniA, 

Lancaster,  & 

PlTTSnURG. 


The  Islandfl  arc 


Long,  and  "Staten. 


Lesson  XCVIL 


The  Capes  of  the  Mid- 
dle States  are  : 

The  Mountains  are : 

Tlie  Bays  are : 
The  Sounds  are : 
The  Lakes  are : 

The  Rivers  are : 


May,  & 
*  Sandy  Hook,     Henlopen. 


Adirondack, 
Catskill, 


Blue  Ridge,  & 
Allsghany. 


New  York,  and  Delaware. 
Long  Island,  and  Staten  Island. 


Erie, 


Champlain,  & 
Ontario. 


Niagara, 
Genesee, 
f  St.  Lawrence, 

HCDSON, 

*  East, 
Mohawk, 

*  Passaic, 


Delaware, 
Schuylkill, 
Susquehanna, 
J  West  Branch  of 
\  Susquehanna, 

MoNONGAIH'U.Aj  & 

Alleghany. 


•  See  fSap  of  Now  York  and  Its  Vicinity,  pngo  81. 


t  Bee  Map  of  United  States. 


REVIEW   OF  THE  MIDDLE   STATES. 


81 


Lesson  XCVIII. 

REVIEW  OF  THE  MIDDLE  STATES. 

Remaiik. — ^Thc  pupil  should  be  able  to  answer  the  follow- 
ing questions  without  referring  to  the  map. 

How  many  and  what  states  compose  the  Middle 
States'?     Which  two  border  on  Lake  Erie? 

What  two  lakes  and  what  two  rivers  separate  New 
York  from  Canada  West  ? 

"What  lake  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween New  York  and  Vermont  ? 

What  mountains  are  west  of  Lake  Champlain  ? 

W'hat  river  has  its  source  among  these  mountains  ? 

What  mountains  in  New  York,  south  of  the  Mohawk 
River  ?  What  river  crosses  the  western  part  of  New 
York?     What  river  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Ontario? 

"What  two  rivers  flow  into  Lake  Ontario  ? 

Which  one  of  these  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie  ? 
'  In  what  state  does  the  Genesee  River  rise  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  state  ?  What  mountain  range 
is  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Pennsylvania  ? 

What  important  city  is  situated  between  the  Dela- 
ware and  the  Schuylkill  ? 

What  city  on  the  Delaware  River  is  opposite  Phila- 
delphia ?    In  what  state  is  Camden  situated  ? 

"What  capital  city  is  situated  on  the  Delaware  River  ? 

In  what  state  does  the  Delaware  River  rise  ? 

Between  what  states  does  it  flow  ?  Into  what  bay 
empty  ?  What  city  is  in  the  northern  part  of  Delaware  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Pittsburg  is  Buffalo  ? 

In  what  state  is  Buffalo?  In  what  direction  from 
Buffalo  is  Elmira  ?     From  Elmira  is  Albany  ? 

Of  what  state  is  Albany  the  capital  ? 

What  city  is  on  the  Hudson  a  few  miles  above  Albany  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Troy  is  Utica  ? 

On  what  river  is  Utica  situated  ? 

What  city  is  situated  on  the  Genesee  River  ? 

What  city  on  Lake  Ontario  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Oswego  is  Syracuse  7 

From  Syracuse  is  Auburn  ?  From  Auburn  is  Albany? 

In  what  state  does  the  Susquehanna  River  rise  ? 

Through  what  three  states  does  it  flow  ? 

What  capital  city  is  situated  on  this  river  ? 

Through  what  states  does  the  Alleghany  River  flow  ? 

In  what  state  does  it  rise  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Pittsburg  is  Harrisburg? 

From  Harrisburg  is  Lancaster  ? 

From  Lancaster  is  Philadelphia  ? 

What  rivers  empty  into  the  Ohio  River  at  Pittsburg  ? 

In  what  state  docs  the  Monongahela  River  rise  ? 


Which  one  of  the  Middle  States  is  the  largest? 
Pennsylvania.     Which  one  the  smallest  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Pennsylvania  is  Delaware  ? 

Prom  New  Jersey  is  New  York  ?  What  cities  are 
situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  Delaware  River  ? 

What  capes  are  at  the  entrance  of  Delaware  Bay  ? 

Eemaek. — Here  is  a  map  of  a  small  part  of  the  south-eastern  por- 
tion of  the  State  of  New  York.  It  is  drawn  on  a  much  larger  scale 
than  on  the  map  of  the  Middle  States.  You  can  see,  by  this  map,  ex- 
actly how  the  city  of  New  York  is  situated,  and  also  the  position  of 
several  important  places  in  its  vicinity. 


On  what  island  is  New  York  City  situated? 
JlPn  Manhattan,  or  New  York  Island. 

What  city  on  Long  Island  opposite  New  York  ? 

On  what  river  is  Brooklyn  situated  ? 

What  cities  in  New  Jersey  are  opposite  New  York  ? 

On  what  river  are  they  situated  ?  What  two  rivers 
in  New  Jersey  empty  into  Newark  Bay  ? 

What  bay  is  between  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey? 

To  what  state  does<Statcn  Island  belong  ?  New  York. 

AVhat  town  is  situated  in  the  central  part  of  Staten 
Island?  What  strait  connects  New  York  Bay  with 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?     The  Narrows. 

What  cape  on  the  east  coast  of  New  Jersey  south- 
east of  Staten  Island  ?  Sandy  Hook.  Of  what  state 
does  Long  Island  form  a  part  ?     New  York. 


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84 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


What  ocean  is  east  of  the  Southern  States  ? 

"What  bay  indents  the  shore  of  Maryland? 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  What  two  sounds 
are  east  of  North  Carolina? 

What  river  is  between  Maryland  and  Virginia  ? 

What  course  does  the  Potomac  flow?  Into  what 
bay  empty  ?     What  river  south  of  the  Potomac  ? 

In  what  range  of  mountains  does  this  river  rise  ? 

Into  what  bay  does  it  empty  ? 

What  river  empties  into  Albemarle  Soimd  ? 

What  into  Pamlico  Sound  ? 

What  river  south  of  the  Neuse  River  ? 

What  course  does  it  flow,  and  into  what  ocean  empty? 

What  course  does  the  Great  Pedee  flow  ?  In  what 
state  does  it  rise? 


What  two  rivers  form  the  Santee  River  ? 

What  river  is  between  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  ? 

Describe  it.     What  two  rivers  form  the  Altamaha  ? 

What  river  in  the  eastern  part  of  Florida  ? 

What  one  in  the  western  part  ? 

What  two  rivers  form  the  Appalachicola  ? 

What  two  rivers  form  the  Mobile  ?     What  two  the 
Alabama  ?    The  Coosa  and  the  Tallapoosa. 

In  what  state  does  the  Tombigby  River  rise  ? 

Describe  the  Pearl  River,     Describe  the  *  Mississippi 
River. 

What  river  empties  into  the  Mississippi  from  Louisi- 
ana ?     What  river  is  between  Louisiana  and  Texas  ? 

What  rivers  in  Texas  ?     Describe  each. 
*  See  Map  of  the  United  States. 


MS 


CONTENTS  OF  THE    MAP  OF  THE    SOUTHERN  STATES. 


lesson  CI. . 

The  Southern  States 

arc :  Maktland,  Florida, 

Virginia,  Alabama, 

North  Carolina,  Mississippi!    ^ 

South  Carolina.  Louisiana,  & 

*  Georgia,  Texas. 

The  Capital  Cities  are :  Annapolis,  Tallahassee, 

Richmond,  Montgomery, 

Raleigh,  Jackson, 

Columbia,  Baton  Rouge, 

MiLLEDGEVILLE,  AuSTIN. 


The  other  Cities  arc : 


Baltimore, 
Cumberland, 
Wheeling, 
Alexandria, 

NORKOLK, 

Petersburg, 

Newbern, 

Wilmington, 

Fayettevillk, 

Camden, 

Charleston, 

Hamburg, 

Atlanta, 

Augusta, 

Batannah 


Columbus, 

Macon, 

St.  Augustine, 

Pensacola, 

Huntsville, 

Mobile, 

Tuscaloosa, 

Aberdeen, 

Natchez, 

Vicksburo, 

New  Orleans, 

Opelousas, 

Shreveport, 

Alexandria, 

Houston,  & 

Galveston. 


Lesson  CII. 

The  Peninsula  is :  Florida. 


The  Capes  are : 


Charles, 
Henrt, 


Hatteras, 
Canaveral,  & 
Sable. 


The  Mountains  are :      Alleghany,  and  Blue  Ridge. 

y  : 

The  Bays  are  :  Chesapeake,  and  Mexico. 


Th£  Sounds  are : 

.J  xJf 

The  Rivers  are : 


Albemarle,  and  Pamlico. 


Potomac, 

James, 

Roanoke, 

Neuse, 

Cape  Fear, 

Great  Pedee, 

Santee, 

Wateree, 

Congaree, 

Savannah, 

Altamaha, 

Oconee, 

Ocmulgee. 


St.  John's, 

Appalachicola, 

Chattahoochee, 

Flint, 

Mobile, 

Tombigby, 

Alabama, 

Pearl, 

*  Mississippi, 
Red, 
Sabine, 
Brazos, 
Colorado,  & 

*  Rio  Guandk. 


See  Map  of  United  States. 


REVIEW  OF  THE  SOUTHERN  STATES. 


85 


Lesson  CIII. 

REVIEW  OF  THE  SOUTHERN  STATES. 

Remark. — The  pupil  should  be  able  to  answer  the  follow- 
ing questions  without  referring  to  the  map. 

How  many  states  compose  the  Southern  States  ? 

Mention  them. 

Which  of  these  herder  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

"Which  do  not  ?    Which  horder  on  Tennessee  ? 

Which  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  1 

Which  one  borders  both  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

What  two  states  border  on  the  Potomac  River? 

What  two  on  the  Savannah  River  ? 

What  Southern  State  lies  furthest  north-east  1 

What  one  furthest  south-west  1 

What  one  extends  furthest  south  ? 

What  one  is  a  peninsula  ?     What  is  a  peninsula  1 

What  two  states  and  river  bound  Texas  on  the  east  ? 

What  two  rivers  and  gulf  bound  Louisiana  on  the 
east  ?   What  two  states  bound  Louisiana  on  the  north  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Alabama  from  Mississippi  ? 

Georgia  from  Alabama  ?     Georgia  from  Florida  ? 

South  Carolina  from  Georgia  ? 

North  Carolina  from  South  Carolina  ? 

Virginia  from  North  Carolina  1 

^Maryland  from  Virginia  ?     Virginia  from  Ohio  ? 

What  bay  nearly  divides  Maryland  ? 

Of  what  ocean  is  Chesapeake  Bay  a  branch  1 

What  two  rivers  empty  into  Chesapeake  Bay  on  the 
west  ?  On  what  coast  are  Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry  ? 

Of  what  state  is  Raleigh  the  capital  ?  ' 

What  important  city  is  on  the  Mississippi  River,  be- 
low Baton  Rouge  1 

What  states  are  partly  separated  by  the  Sal^e  River  ? 

By  the  Chattahoochee  River  ?  By  the  Potomac  River  1 

Through  what  states  does  the  Great  Pedee  River  flow? 

Through  what  states  does  the  Tombigby  River  flow  ? 

Through  what  states  does  the  Roanoke  River  flow  ? 


Lesson  CIV. 

Eeview— contimied. 

In  what  state  is  St.  Augustine  situated  ? 
In  what  state  is  Huntsville  ?  In  what  state  is  Mobile  ? 
In  wkat  state  is  Baltimore  ?     In  what  state  is  Savan- 
nah ?     In  what  state  is  Wheeling  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Augusta  from  Milledgeville  ? 


What  city,  on  the  Savannah  River,  about  120  miles 
above  Savannah  ?    In  what  state  is  Augusta  situated  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Milledgeville  is  Columbia  ? 

From  Columbia  is  Charleston  ?  From  Charleston  is 
Savannah  ?    From  Savannah  is  Mobile  ? 

From  [Mobile  is  Jackson  ?    From  Jackson  is  Natchez  ? 

From  Natchez  is  New  Orleans  ? 

What  city  in  Virginia  about  five  miles  below  Wash- 
ington ?     On  what  river  is  it  situated  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Alexandria  is  Baltimore  ? 

From  Alexandria  is  Richmond?  From  Richmond  is 
Raleigh  ?     From  Raleigh  is  FayettevUle  ? 

From  Fayetteville  is  Wilmington  ? 

From  Wilmington  is  Charleston  ? 

In  what  part  of  South  Carolina  is  Charleston  situated  ? 

Kemabk. — Here  is  a  map  of  a  small  part  of  South  Carolina,  drawn 
on  a  much  larger  scale  than  the  map  of  the  Southern  Stales.  You  can 
sec,  by  this  map,  exactly  how  the  city  of  Charleston  is  situated. 


Between  what  two  rivers  is  Charleston  located  ? 

Into  what  ocean  do  these  two  rivers  empty  ? 

Which  one  of  the  Southern  States  is  the  largest? 

Which  one  is  the  smallest  ? 

Which  is  next  in  size  to  Texas  ?    Virginia. 

What  mountain  ranges  are  in  Virginia  ? 

What  sounds  are  east  of  North  CaroUna  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Hatteras  ?    What  is  a  cape? 

What  river  empties  into  Albemarle  Sound  ? 

What  one  empties  into  Pamlico  Sound  ?       ■* 

What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Santce  River  ? 

What  two  rivers  form  the  Appalachicola  River  ? 

What  two  rivers  form  the  Mobile  River? 

What  two  rivers  form  the  Altamaha  River? 

Where  is  the  Brazos  River  ?     Describe  its  course. 

What  river  is  the  boimdary  fine  between  Texas  and 
Mexico  ?     On  what  river  is  Austin  ? 

What  river  crosses  the  northern  part  of  Alabama  ? 

What  one  is  the  boundary  line  between  Virginia  and 
Ohio? 


EXERCISES  ON'  THE  MAP  OF  THE  WESTERN  STATES. 


8Y 


•\ 


Lesson  CV. 

Questions  on  the  Hap  of  thd  Western  States, 

SYSTEMATICALLT  ARBAXGED. 

How  is  Minnesota  bounded  7 

What  lake  and  state  bound  Wisconsin  on  the  north  ? 

What  state  and  lake  on  the  east  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Wisconsin? 

In  what  part  of  the  state  is  it  situated  ? 

What  other  cities  in  the  southern  part  of  Wisconsin  ? 

Of  these,  which  two  are  on  Lake  Michigan  ? 

What  state  lies  east  of  Lake  Michigan  ? 

What  lake  bounds  Northern  Michigan  on  the  north  ? 

What  lakes  bound  ;Michigan  on  the  east  1 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Michigan  1 

How  is  it  located  ?     How  is  Detroit  situated  ?     On 
Detroit  River.    In  what  part  of  ^Michigan  is  Kalamazoo  ? 

On  what  river  is  Grand  Rapids  ? 

What  state  and  lake  bound  Ohio  on  the  north  ? 

What  state  and  river  on  the  east  ?    What  river  on 
the  south  ?     What  city  is  the  capital  of  Ohio  ? 

What  cities  in  the  northern  part  of  Ohio  ? 

What  city  on  the  Ohio  River  ?    Where  is  Dayton  ? 

From  what  three  states  does  the  Ohio  River  separate 
Kentucky  ?  'What  city  is  the  capital  of  Kentucky  ? 

What  other  cities  in  this  state  ? 

Of  these,  which  two  are  on  the  Oliio  River  ? 

What  river  separates  Kentucky  from  Missouri  ? 

How  is  Tennessee  bounded  1    What  city  is  the  capi- 
tal of  Tennessee  1    In  what  part  of  the  state  is  it  ? 

In  what  part  is  Knoxville  ?    Columbia  ?     Memphis  1 

Of  the  cities  of  Tennessee,  which  one  is  on  the  Cum- 
berland 1     Which  one  on  the  Mississippi  1 

How  is  Arkansas  boimded  ?     What  city  is  its  capi- 
tal 1     On  what  river  is  it  situated  ? 

In  what  part  of  Arkansas,  and  on  what  river,  is 
Batesville  ?    In  what  part  Van  Buren  1 

What  three  states  are  east  of  Missouri  ? 

What  river  separates  them  from  Missouri  ? 

What  bound  Missouri  on  the  west  1 

What  city  is  the  capital  ?     In  what  part  of  the  state, 
and  on  what  river,  is  it  located  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  state  is  Hannibal?    In  what 
part  St.  Louis  ?     Independence  ?    St.  Joseph  ? 
Of  these  cities,  which  two  are  on  the  Mississippi  ? 
Which  one  is  a  little  south  of  the  Missouri  River  ? 
Which  are  on  the  Missouri  ?   How  is  Iowa  bounded  ? 
What  cities  are  situated  in  Iowa  ? 
*    Ctf  th^se,  which  one  is  the  capital  ? 

Which  two  are  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River  ? 
Which  one  is  situated  on  the  Iowa  River  ? 
Which  one  on  the  Des  Moines  River? 


What  lake,  state,  and  river  bound  Illinois  on  the  east  ? 

What  rivers  on  the  south  and  west  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Illinois  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  state  is  it  ?    In  what  part  of  the 
state  is  Galena?    In  what  part  Chicago?    Alton ? 

Quincy  ?    Peoria  ?    Which  one  is  on  Lake  Michigan  ? 

Which  two  are  on  the  Mississippi  River  ? 

Which  one  on  the  Illinois  River?  * 

What  lake  and  state  bound  Indiana  on  the  north  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  ?    How  is  it  situated  ? 

What  three  cities  in  the  southern  part  of  Indiana  ? 

On  what  river  are  they  ?     Where  is  La  Fayette  ? 

What  ocean  bounds  California  on  the  west  ?    What  ter- 
ritories and  river  on  the  east  ?    What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

Where  is  San  Francisco  ?     Where  is  Stockton  ? 
Bemabk. — For  California,  see  map  of  the  United  States. 

Mention  the  capital  cities  of  the  Western  States. 
How  is  each  situated  ? 

St.  Paul  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River. 
Madison,  on  Fourth  Lake. 
Laxsing,  on  the  Grand  River. 
Columbus,  on  the  Scioto  River. 
Frankfort,  on  the  Kentucky  River. 
Nashville,  on  the  Cumberland  River. 
Little  Rock,  on  the  Arkansas  River. 
Jefferson  City,  on  the  Missouri  River. 
Des  Moines,  on  the  Des  Moines  River. 
Springfield,  near  the  Sangamon  River. 
Indianapolis,  on  the  West  Fork  of  White  River. 
Sacramento,  on  the  Sacramento  River. 

Lesson  CVL 

Map  Qnestions— Systematically  Arranged, 
ilention  the  most  important  cities  of  the  Western 
States,  besides  the  capitals. 
How  is  each  situated  ? 
S  St.  Anthony  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River. 
I  St.  Peter,  on  the  Minnesota  River. 
C  Milwaukee,  on  Lake  Michigan. 
<  Racine,  on  Lake  Michigan. 
(  Janesville,  on  the  Rock  River. 

Detroit,  on  the  Detroit  River. 

Kalamazoo,  on  the  Kalamazoo  River. 

Grand  Rapids,  on  the  Grand  River. 
'  Toledo,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Maumee  River. 

Sandusky,  on  Sandusky  Bay. 

Cleveland,  on  Lake  Erie. 

Cincinnati,  on  the  Ohio  River. 

Dayton,  on  the  Great  Miami  River. 

Louisville,  on  the  Ohio  River. 

Covington,  on  the  Ohio  River. 
^  Lexington,  25  miles  south-east  of  Frankfort. 
'  Knoxville,  on  the  Holston  River. 

Columbia,  on  the  Duck  River. 

Memphis,  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

[  Batesville,  on  the  White  River. 

L  Van  Buren,  on  the  Arkansas  River. 


8 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


'  HAiTffiBAL,  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

St.  Louis,  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

Independence,  on  the  Missouri  River. 

St.  Joseph,  on  the  Missouri  River. 

Dubuque,  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

Burlington,  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

Iowa  City,  on  the  Iowa  River. 
'  Galena,  on  the  Fevre  River. 

Chicago,  on  Lake  Michigan. 

Alton,  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

QuiNCY,  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

Peoria,  on  the  Illinois  River, 

Madison,  on  the  Ohio  River. 

New  Albany,  on  the  Ohio  River. 

EvANSviLLE,  on  the  Ohio  River. 

La  Fayette,  on  the  Wabash  River, 
r  San  Francisco,  on  San  Francisco  Bay. 
I  Stockton,  near  the  San  Joaquin  (ho-a-keen'). 

What  mountain  ranges  in  Tennessee  ? 

Where  is  Lake  Superior  1    What  river  is  its  outlet  ? 

Between  what  states  is  Lake  Michigan  ? 

Where  is  Lake  Huron  1    Where  is  Lake  St.  Clair  ? 


What  river  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Huron  ? 

Of  Lake  St.  Clair  ?     What  lake  is  north  of  Ohio  ? 

What  river  empties  into  Lake  Michigan  on  the  east  ? 

What  large  river  in  Wisconsin  ?    Describe  it. 

What  large  river  flows  through  Illinois  ? 

What  two  rivers  form  the  Ohio  River  1  The  Alle- 
ghany and  the  Monongahela.  What  course  does  the 
Ohio  flow  ?     Of  what  is  it  a  branch  ? 

Mention  the  northern  branches  of  the  Ohio  River. 

Mention  the  southern.     Describe  the  Kentucky  River. 

Describe  the  Cumberland  River. 

Through  what  states  does  the  Tennessee  River  flow  ? 

Where  is  the  Minnesota  River  ?     Describe  it. 

What  two  rivers  flow  through  Iowa  ? 

Describe  the  *]Missouri  River.  AVhat  river  flows  into 
the  Missouri  below  Jefierson  City  7 

Desci'ibe  the  *  Arkansas.    Describe  the  White  River. 

•  See  the  Map  of  tlie  United  States  for  the  entire  course  of  this 
river. 


•  ai£  iS  C£i5  w  2j:i  ii    s^  ,u  a  *J^o 

CONTENTS  OF  THE    MAP  OF  THE    WESTERN   STATES. 


The  Western  States 
are: 


Lesson  CVII. 

Minnesota, 

WiSCONSIM, 

Michigan, 

Ohio, 

Kentucky, 

Tknnesskk, 


Arkansas, 

Missouur, 

Iowa, 

Illinois, 

Indiana,  & 

California. 


The  Capital  Cities  are :  St.  Paul,  Little  Rock, 

Madison,  Jefferson  City, 

Lansing,  Des  Moines, 

CoLUMiius,  Springfield, 

Frankfort,  Indianapolis,  & 

Nashville,  Sacramento. 


The  other  Cities  are : 


Milwaukee, 

Racine, 

Janesville, 

Detroit, 

Kalamazoo, 

Grand  Rapids, 

Toledo, 

Sandusky, 

Cleveland, 

Cincinnati, 

Dayton, 

Louisville, 


Covington, 

Lexington, 

Knoxville, 

Columbia, 

Memphis, 

Batesville, 

Van  Buren, 

IIannidal, 

St.  Louis, 

Independence, 

St.  JosEPii 

DUBUQU^ 

Iowa  Ci^ 


EPtt^ 

iTT, 


Burlington, 
Galena, 
Chicago, 
Alton, 

QuiNCY, 

Peoria, 


Madison, 
New  Albany, 
Evansville, 
La  Fayette, 
San  Francisco,  & 
Stockton. 


The  Cape  is : 
The  Mountains  are : 
The  Bay  is  :   , 
The  Lakes  are : 


*  Mendocino. 


Alleghany,  and  Cumberland. 


*  San  Francisco. 


Superior, 
Michigan, 


Huron, 
St.  Clair, 
Erie. 


The  Rivers  are :  West  Fork, 

St.  Mary's,  Kentucky, 

Grand,  Cumberland, 

St.  Clair,  Tennessee, 

Detroit,  Iowa, 

f  Mississippi,  Des  Moines, 

Wisconsin,  f  Missouri, 

Illinois,  Osage, 

f  Ohio,  Arkansas, 

Scioto,  White,  & 

Wabash,  *  Sacramento. 
Kbmark  :— St.  Mary's  River,  St  Qalr  River,  and  the  Detroit  River 

are,  strictly  speaking,  straits. 

*  See  California  on  the  Map  of  tiie  United  States. 
+  See  Map  of  the  United  States  for  the  entire  course. 


REVIEW  OF  THE  WESTERN  STATES. 


89 


Lesson  CVIII. 

RETIEW  OF  THE  WESTERN  STATES. 

Remark. — The  pupil  should  be  able  to  answer  the  following 
questions  without  referring  to  the  map. 

How  many  "Western  States  are  there  7 

Mention  them.     Which  of  these  border  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Mississippi  River  ? 

Which  border  on  the  west  side  of  the  same  river  1 

Which  are  bounded  south  by  the  Ohio  River  1 

Which  border  on  Lake  Michigan  1     Which  border  on 
Lake  Erie  ?     Which  on  Lake  Superior  ? 

Which  one  borders  on  Lake  Huron  ? 

Which  one  is  bounded  north  by  the  Ohio  River  ? 

From  what  two  states  is  Illinois  separated 
by  the  Mississippi  River  ? 

What  important  city  in  Missouri,  about  20 
miles  south  of  the  Missouri  River  7 

On  what  river  is  St.  Louis  situated  ? 

In  what  state  is  Alton  situated  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Alton  from  Springfield? 

Of  what  state  is  Springfield  the  capital  ? 

What  important  city  in  this  state  on  Lake 
Michigan  ?  In  what  direction  from  Chicago 
is  La  Fayette  ?   From  La  Fayette  is  Dayton  ? 

In  what  state  is  La  Fayette  situated  1 

On  what  river?  In  what  direction  from 
La  Fayette  is  Toledo  ?    Where  is  Toledo  ? 

From  Toledo  is  Columbus  ? 

From  Columbus  is  Cincinnati  ?  Where  is  Columbus  ? 

What  city  in  Kentucky  opposite  Cincinnati  ? 

On  which  side  of  the  Ohio  River  is  Cincinnati? 

On  which  side  is  Louisville  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Louisville  is  Frankfort  ? 

Of  what  state  is  Nashville  the  capital  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Nashville  from  Frankfort  ? 

Nashville  from  Memphis  ?     Where  is  Memphis  ? 

Where  is  Little  Rock  ?     Where  is  Columbia  ? 

Of  the  cities  in  the  Western  States,  whose  location 
you  liave  learned,  which  are  on  the  Grand  River  ? 
*    Which  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi  River? 

Which  on  the  west  side  of  the  same  river  ? 

Which  on  the  north  side  of  the  Ohio  River  ? 

"Which  on  the  south  side  of  the  Ohio  River  ? 

AVhich  on  the  Missouri  River? 

Which  on  the  Arkansas  River  ? 

Which  one  is  on  the  Scioto  River? 

Which  one  on  the  West  Fork  of  White  River  ? 

Which  one  on  the  Detroit  River?  * 

Which  one  on  the  Illinois  River  ?    Which  one  on  the 
White  River  ?     Which  one  on  the  Sacramento  River  ? 


Which  one  on  the  Kentucky  River  ? 

Which  one  on  the  Cumberland  River? 

Which  one  on  the  Ilolston  River  ?     Knoxville. 

Which  one  on  the  Fevre  River  ?     Galena. 

Which  one  on  the  Rock  River  ?     Janesville. 

Which  one  on  Fourth  Lake  ?     Madison. 

Which  one  on  Sandusky  Bay  ?     S. 

Near  the  mouth  of  the  Maumee  River  ?    Toledo. 

Near  the  Sangamon  River  ?     Springfield. 

In  what  state  is  Knoxville  ?  In  what  state  is  Janes- 
ville ?    In  what  state  is  Batesville  ? 

In  what  state,  and  in  what  part  of  it,  is  Galena? 

What  rivers  flow  into  the  Ohio  River  from  the  north  ? 

From  the  south  ?  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Missis- 
sippi River  from  the  east  ?    From  the  west  ? 


St.  Loou,  Musoari. 

From  what  two  states  does  the  Ohio  River  separate 
Ohio?  From  what  state  does  the  Ohio  River  sepa- 
rate Illinois  ? 

Through  what  states  does  the  Tennessee  River  flow  ? 

Of  what  state  is  Lansing  the  capital  ? 

What  two  states  bound  Michigan  on  the  south  ? 

What  important  city  in  the  south-eastern  part  of 
Michigan?     D. 

What  river  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  St.  Clsur? 

Of  Lake  Huron  ?  Of  Lake  Superior?  What  states 
border  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Michigan  ? 

What  two  cities  on  this  lake  in  the  south-eastern 
part  of  Wisconsin  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Milwaukee  is  Dubuque  ? 

In  what  state,  and  in  what  part  of  it,  is  Dubuque  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Dubuque  from  Iowa  City  ? 

Which  of  the  Western  States  is  the  largest  ?     C. 

■\vl||h  the  smallest  ?    Indiana. 

Which  one  borders  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  ? 


90 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


State  House  and  Yale  College,  (New  Haven.) 


Lesson  CIX. 

MISCELLANEOUS  QUESTIONS  ON  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
What  city  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  ? 
Washington. 

In  what  District  is  it  situated  ? 
In  the  District  of  Columbia. 
Between  what  states  does  this  district  lie  ? 
Between  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

Rbvabk  : — The  District  of  Columbia  is  sitnatcd  on  the  Potomac 
Kivcr,  on  tlio  Maryland  side.  It  contains  about  sixty  square  miles. 
Toa  can  sco  bow  this  District  is  located,  by  looking  on  the  Map  of  the 
Middle  SUtos. 

"What  city  in  the  United  States  has  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  ?     New  York. . 

What  city  ranks  next  to  New  York  in  tliis  respect  ? 
Philadelphia. 

What  city  in  the  Eastern  States  has  the  greatest 
nuiiibcr  of  inhabitants  ?    Boston. 

What  city  ranks  next  to  Boston  in  this  respect? 
Providence. 

What  city  in  the  Southern  States  has  the  greatest 
numl)cr  of  inhabitants  ?    Baltimore. 

What  city  ranks  next  to  Baltimore  in  this  respect? 
New  Orleans.  ^ 

What  city  in  the  Western"  States  has  the  peatest 
number  of  inhabitants  ?     Cincinnati  . 

^ 


What  city  ranks  next  to  Cincinnati  in  this  respect  ? 
St.  Louis. 

What  city  ranks  next  to  St.  Louis  in  this  respect  ? 
Chicago. 

What  lakes  are  situated  between  British  America 
and  the  United  States  ?    S.,  H.,  St.  C,  E.,  0. 

What  large  lake  lies  wholly  within  the  boundary  of 
the  United  States  7    Lake  Michigan. 

What  state  is  situated  the  most  north-easterly  in 
the  United  States  ?    What  state  is  furthest  west  7 

What  one  furthest  south-west  ?  What  one  furthest 
south?     What  one  is  the  largest?     Texas. 

What  one  is  the  smallest  ?     Rhode  Island. 

What  states  border  on  the  territories  ? 

Have  all  the  territories  capitals  ? 

No,  only  those  which  are  organized. 

What  is  the  difference  between  an  organized  and  an 
unorganized  territory  ?  «« 

An  organized  territory  is  on^  in  which  the  peo- 
ple choose  a  Legislature,  or  officers,  to  niake 
laws  for  the  territory  ;  and  an  unorganized 
territory  has  no  special  form  of  government. 

The  Governor  of  a  state  is  elected  by  the 
people  residing  in  the  state,  and  the  Gov- 
ernor of  a  territory  is  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 


UNITED  STATES. 


91 


■Washington, 


The  ■wide  ayentte  near  the  centre  of  the  picture,  is  called  Pennsylvania  Avenue ;  and  the  large  building  in  the  backgrouna,  at  the  end  of  the 
avenue,  is  the  CapitoL    A  email  pari  of  the  President's  house  is  shown  in  the  foreground. 


DESCRIPTIVE      GEOGRAPHY. 

Lesson  CX. 


UNITED    STATES. 


'?.y 


Area  in  square  miles,  3,230,000.     Population,  23,^0,000. 

Boundary. — ^The  United  States  are  bounded  on  thenorth 
by  Biitish  America,  on  the  east  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on 
the  south  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Mexico,  and  west  by 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Chief  Divisions. — ^The  United  States  comprise  thirty-one 
States,  eight  Territories,  and  one  District.  The  states  are 
divided  into  four  sections,  viz. : — the  Eastern  or  New  Eng- 
land, the  Northern  or  Middle,  the  Southern  and  the  Western. 

THE  NEW  ENGLAin)  STATES. 

Vermont  is  situated  the  most  north-west- 
erly of  the  Eastern  States. 

The  surface  of  the  state  is  mountainous, 
and  the  chief  productions  are  butter,  wool, 
and  maple-sugar. 

MoNTPELiER,  the  capital,  is  pleasantly  sit- 
uated on  the  Onion  River. 

New  Hampshire  lies  between  Maine  and 
Yermonto 


This  state  is  frequently  called  "  the  -Swit- 
zerland of  America,"  on  account  of  its  beau- 
tiful and  romantic  scenery.  The  chief  occu- 
pations of  the  inhabitants  are  agriculture  and 
manufactures. 

Concord,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Merrimac  River. 

Maine  is  the  most  north-easterly  state 
of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  section  to 
which  it  belongs. 

The  inhabitants  are  largely  engaged  in  the 
lumber  trade,  fisheries,  and  ship-building. 

Augusta,  the  capital,  is  pleasantly  situat- 
ed on  the  Kennebec  River. 

Massachusetts  lies  south  of  Vermont 
and  New  Hampshire. 

The  inhabitants  are  largely  engaged  in 
commerce,  manufactures,  and  the  whale  fish- 
ery. It  is  the  oldest  and  most  populous  of 
the  New  Ensrland  States. 


92 


CORNELL'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY 


Boston,  situated  at  tlie  head,  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  is  the  capital  of  Massachusetts, 
and  the  largest  and  most  important  city  of 
New  England. 

Lowell,  on  the  Merrimac  Eiver,  is  noted 
for  its  extensi\te  cotton  and  woollen  manufac- 
tories. 

Rhode  Island,  the  smallest  state  in  the 
Union,  is  situated  south  of  Massachusetts, 

This  state  is  noted  for  its  manufactures. 

Providence,  the  semi-capital  of  the  state, 
is  situated  on  both  sides  of  Providence  Eiver. 
Newport,  on  the  Island  of  Ehode  Island,  is 
a  celebrated  watering  place. 

Connecticut  lies  south  of  Massachusetts. 

This  State  is  noted  for  the  extent  and 
variety  of  its  manufactures.  The  chief  pro- 
ductions are  grain,  butter,  cheese  and  cider. 

Hartford  and  New  Haven  are  the  capi- 
tal cities. 


^^: 


A  Vicw/jn  the  Hudson  Ui\er. 


Lesson  CXI. 

THE  KOBTHEBK  0£  UIDDLE  STATES. 

New  York  is  situated  west  of  Vermont, 
Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut. 

Tliis  state  is  largely  engaged  in  commerce 
and  manufactures.  The  chief  productions  are 
wheat,  hay,  butter,  cheese,  and  maple-sugar. 


Albany,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Hudson.  New  York,  on 
Manhattan  Island,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Hudson  and  East  Eivers,  is  the  most  popu- 
lous, and  chief  commercial  city  in  the  United 
States. 

New  Jersey  is  situated  south  of  New 
York,  and  east  of  Pennsylvania 

This  state  is  noted  for  its  fruit,  garden 
vegetables,  and  manufactures. 

Trenton,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Delaware  Eiver. 

Delaware  is  situated  south  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  east  of  Maryland.    ■ 

Tliis  state  is  noted  for  its  excellent  wheat. 

Dover,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  Jones' 
Creek. 

Pennsylvania  is,  next  to  New  York,  the 
largest  of  the  Middle  States. 

This  state  is  remarkable  ipr  the  abundance 
of  its  coal  and  iron. 

Harrisburg,  the  capital,  is  finely  situated 
on  the  Susquehanna  Eiver.  Philadelphia,  on 
the  Delaware,  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state. 

Lessou  l/XII. 

THE  SOUTHERN  STATES. 

Maryland  lies  south  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  east  of  Virginia. 

Its  chief  productions  are  flour  and  to- 
bacco. 

Annapolis,  the  capital  city,  is  situated  on 
the  Severn  Eiver,  about  three  miles  from  its 
entrance  into  Chesapeake  Eay.  Baltimore, 
on  the  Patapsco,  near  Chesapeake  Bay,  is  the 
largest  city  in  the  state. 

Virginia  the  largest  of  the  Southern  States, 
except  Texas,  lies  south  of  Pennsylvania  and 
Maryland. 

The  chief  productions  of  this  state  are 
wheat,  com,  and  tobacco. 


lesson  CXVI. 
OCEANIA  OR  OCEANICA. 

Area  in  sq.  miles,  4,500/000.       Population,  21,000,000. 

Oceania  comprises  the  South-Eastern  or 
Australian  Continent,  and  most  of  the  islands 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

noiu  Divided. — It  is  divided  into  three 
principal  parts,  viz,  :  Polynesia,  Australasia, 
and  Maylasia. 

The  most  important  islands  and  groups  of 
islands  in  Oceania  are,  the  Sandwich  Isles,  So- 
ciety Isles,  Friendly  Isles,  New  Zealand,  Van 
Piemen's  Land,  New  Guinea,  Celebes,  Java, 
Sumatra,  Borneo,  and  the  Philippine  Isles. 

Questions  on  the  Hap  of  Oceania. 

In  what  direction  from  North  America  are  the  Sand- 
wich Isles  ?     In  what  direction  from  South  America  ? 

In  what  direction  from  the  Sandwich  Isles  are  the 
Society  Islands  ?    "Where  are  the  Friendly  Isles  ? 


Where  are  the  islands  called  New  Zealand  ? 

'\\^hat  city  is  the  capital  of  New  Zealand  ? 

On  what  island  is  it  situated  ? 

Mention  the  three  islands,  called  New  Zealand. 

Which  one  is  furthest  north  ? 

Which  one  furthest  south  ? 

In  what '  direction  from  Australia  is  Van  Diemen's 
Land  1     What  island  north  of  Australia  ? 

In  what  direction  is  Celebes  from  New  Guinea  ? 

From  Celebes  is  Java? 

What  island  lies  north-west  of  Java  ? 

Where  is  Borneo  ? 

What  group  of  islands  lies  north-east  of  Borneo  ? 

What  sea  is  west  of  the  Philippine  Isles  ? 

In  what  ocean  are  the  Islands  of  Oceania  situated? 

What  islands  lying  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  east  of  Asia, 
are  not  included  in  Oceania  ?     The  Japan  Isles. 

Are  the  Aleutian  Isles  included  in  Oceania  ?     No. 

What  continent  is  included  in  Oceania  ? 

How  is  Australia  bounded  ? 

What  two  cities  are  situated  in  the  south-eastern 
part  of  Australia  ? 

Of  the  islands  of  Oceania,  which  are  in  Polynesia  ? 

Which  are  in  Australasia  ?    Which  are  in  Malaysia  ? 


TO  TEACHEES. 

As  the  following  Vocabulary  contains  the  names  of  all  the  natural  and  political  divisions  introduced  int 
volume,  it  will  be  obvious,  that  it  presents  the  foundation  for  a  great  number  and  variety  of  questions,  which  r 
instituted  by  the  teacher  or  examiner,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  the  pupils  have  thoroughly  memorized  the  cc 
of  the  work. 

It  may  also  be  used  to  great  profit  as  a  spelling  and  writing  exercise. 


PRONOUNCING  YOCABULART. 

OF 

GEOGRAPHICAL    NAMES. 


Key  to  TnE  PKONrNCiATioN.— Fate,  far,  fill,  bat. — MSte,  thfire,  her,  help. — Pine,  flg. — Note,  wcilf,  I6rd,  moon,  not. — Tune,  bull 
wnto. — Oft,  as  in  our. — G,  as  in  tlie  word  go. 

Explanation  of  Abbreviations. — G.  D.  grand  division — cont.  continent — i.  island— jp.  peninsula — Uth.  isthmus — ca.  cape — m. 
tain — ier.  territory — sta.  state — c.  country — t.  town — o.  ocean — s.  sea — g.  gulf— &.  bay — str.  strait — sd.  sound — ch.  channel — I.  lake — r,  it 


America,  cord. 

a-m^r  i-ka. 

Bareow,  str. 

America,  (Nth.)  G.  D. 

Blanco,  ca. 

America,  (Sth.)  G.  D.  &p. 

Baffins,  b. 

America,  (Russian)  c. 

ru-.she-an. 

Behrikg,  str. 

America,  (Britisb)  c. 

brit  ish. 

Borneo,  i. 

America,  (Central)  a 

sen  tral. 

British,  ides. 

Aleutian,  i. 

a-Iushe-an. 

Bon,  ca. 

Anpf.9,  mU. 

an'-dOz. 

Black,  a. 

Akctic,  0. 

ark  tik. 

Baltic,  s. 

Atla.vtic,  0. 

at-lHntik. 

Bengal,  b. 

Amazon,  r. 

am  a-zon. 

Biscay,  b. 

Asia,  G.  D. 

asbe-a. 

Bab-el-Mandeb,  etr. 

Australia,  cont. 

Hs-trale-a. 

Batiiuest,  cu. 

Africa,  G.  D.  <&  p. 

afri-ka. 

Brazil,  c. 

Altai,  mt>i. 

al-ti-. 

Bolivia,  c. 

Alps,  mt^. 

alps. 

Bogota,  city. 

Arauian,  «. 

«r-abe-an. 

Buenos  Ayres,  city. 

Amoor,  r. 

ain-66r'. 

Berlin,  city, 

Alaska,  p. 

a-las'ka. 

Bernb,  city, 

Allkihant,  mts.  dc  r. 

al-Ie-aane. 

Balearic,  inli'n, 

Arkansas,  r.  atn.  dicily,  ar  kan-s:'L 

Brussels,  ciii/. 

AssL'MiTioN,  city. 

as-suinp  shun. 

Bothnia,  g. 

All  Saints,  h. 

iil-sunts'. 

Belgium,  c. 

Acstria,  c. 

118  tre-a. 

Biu.MAn,  c. 

Athens,  cily. 

Bthenz. 

Beloociiistan,  0. 

Azov,  ». 

azov. 

Bangkok,  city, 

Adriatic,  t. 

ad-rl-aflk. 

Bokhara,  city. 

Anam,  c. 

a' nam. 

Baikal,  I. 

Arabia,  e.  dbp. 

«r-a-be-a. 

Brahmaputra,  r. 

AronANisTAM,  e. 

af-t?an-l3-t  in'. 

Boston,  city. 

Abal,  «. 

ar-al. 

Buri-in(;ton,  cj7y,  2. 

Anoara,  r. 

an-L'a  ra. 

Bangor,  dtp. 

Ac<;u8Ta,  cily,  2. 

ii-gus  ta. 

Buffalo,  city. 

Alii  a  NY,  city. 

alba-no 

Brooklyn,  city. 

Alabama,  »<</.  <fe  r. 

al-a-bah'-ma. 

Baton-P.ouoe.  dty, 

Annapolis,  city, 

aii-nap  6-lis. 

Baltimore,  city, 

Austin,  rity. 

u.t  tin. 

Brazos,  r. 

Alubmakle,  gd. 

al-bc-marl'. 

Blue,  r. 

Altamaha.  r. 

al-ta-init-hiV. 

Barca,  c. 

AuiiEKS,  city. 

al-jOrz'. 

Benguela,  city. 

Abyssinia,  c. 

al)-i(.-8in  e-». 

Brazilian,  vits. 

Auburn,  cUy. 

6  bum. 

Bath,  city. 

Atlas,  mtn. 

aflaA. 

Brattleboro,  city. 

Adirondack,  mU. 

ad-o-ron  dak. 

P>rnninoton,  city. 

Alexandria,  city,  2. 

al-c'x-an'drc-a. 

Bridgeport,  city. 

Atlanta,  ci/y, 
Aberd'een.  city. 

at-lan  t<L 

Blue  Kidge,  tnts. 

al.-iT-ilcn'. 

Bati»villf,  city. 

Appalaciiicola,  city. 

ai>-p"-lach-I-kola. 

BiRMiNOiiAM,  city, 

Altow,  city. 

4r-tun. 

Ba8'.  Ktr. 

Aucklamo,  city, 

ovk  Iiiiid. 

Belfast,  clly. 

B 


bffr'ro. 
blan  ko. 
baf  finz. 
be'ring. 
borne-o. 
brit'ish. 
bon. 
blak. 
baltik. 
ben-gM'. 
bis'ka. 

bab-el-man'deb. 
bttthurst. 
bra-zul'. 
bo-live-a. 
bo-go-trr. 
bo  nos-ariz. 
ber  lin. 
bern. 

bftl-c-flr'ik. 
brus'si'lz. 
both  nc-a. 
belje-uia. 
ber  ma. 
bel-u'sliis-tlin'. 
bang-kok'. 
bo-ka'  rii. 
bikal. 

•brii'mfi-pu'trs. 
biis-tun. 
ber  ling-tun. 
bang-gor'. 
biifra-lo. 
bn.klin. 
b«-tong-r{)ozh'. 
bill  ti-iiii.r. 
bra-zos'. 

bin. 

bar  ka. 

bcn-grila. 

brw-zil'I-an. 

bitth. 

brat'fl-bnr-ro. 

ben-nlng-tnn 

brijport. 

bliiridi. 

biitsvil. 

b<T  niing-ham. 

bas. 

bel-fasf. 


Caribbean,  s. 
California,  sta.  g.  <&p 
Colorado,  r. 
Cf.lebes,  i. 
Comorin,  ca. 
China,  s.  <€  c. 
.Caspian,  s. 
Cambodia,  r. 
Cod,  ca. 
Coronation,  g. 
Chesapeake,  h. 
Churchill,  r. 
Columbia,  /•.  <&  city. 
Chili,  c. 
Caraccas,  city, 
C:oLU.MBus,  city,  2. 
Cairo,  city. 
Cape  Town,  city, 
COOMASSIE,  t. 

Candia,  i. 
Cyprus,  i. 
\C)ANARY,  isles, 
Congo,  r. 
Chuuuisaca,  city, 
Constantinople,  city, 
Copenhagen,  city, 
Corsica,  i. 
Caucasus,  «?/«. 
Carpathian,  mts. 
CiiiNESK  Tautaby,  0. 
China  Proper,  c. 
Calcutta,  city, 
Cabul,  city, 
Ckvlon,  i. 
CoREA,  J},  tt  str. 
Connecticut,  sia.  I.  dir. 
Concord,  city, 
Charlebton,  city, 

C^l.KVELAND,  city, 

Cincinnati,  city, 
Chicago,  city. 
Cascade,  mU. 
Casco,  It. 

ClIAMPLAIN,  I. 

Coosa,  r. 
Clarke's,  r. 
Caffraria,  c. 
Cape  colony,  c. 
Cimreras,  c. 
Camden,  city. 


k(7r-rib'be-an 
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kol-o-ra'do. 
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kom  o-rin. 
china. 

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kam-bo'de-a. 
kod.      . 
kor-o-nashut 
chesa-pCk. 
cherch  il. 
ko-lumbe-a. 
chele. 
kii-rak'kas. 
k'o-lumbus. 
ki  ro. 
kiip'-town. 
koo-mas  se. 
kande-a. 
si  prus. 
ka-na  re. 
kon  go. 
choiVke-.^aka 
kon'stan-ti-nc 
ko-pen-hager 
kor'si-ka. 
kiVk:i-sus. 
kar-pa'the-an. 
chi-noz'  tar  -t 
clii'-na  prop-' 
kal-kut  ta. 

kii-bror. 

se-lon'. 

ko-ro  a. 

kon-nct'ti-kttt 

kon  kord. 

oharlztun. 

klOv  land. 

«in-.';in-nat'I. 

Bbe-kago. 

kns-kad'. 

k;x.«  ko. 

t-haiii-plan'. 

koo  sa. 

klarks. 

kaf'-fra'ro-a. 

kiip-kol  o-no. 

siiii-ba'lias. 

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